ￚsynonym clever
e.g. an astute politician
e.g. astute investments
fad 一时的狂热;(穿着行为言谈)一时的风尚
--- something that people like or do for a short time, or that is fashionable for a short time
e.g. Interest in organic food is not a fad, it’s here to stay.
dictate verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to say words for someone else to write down 听写，口授，口述
dictate a letter/memo etc to somebody
She’s dictating a letter to her secretary right now.
2 [intransitive and transitive] to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave 命令，支配
dictate to
The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government. 政府不能允许媒体指挥它。
dictate who/what/how etc
Can they dictate how the money will be spent? 他们能发布命令指挥这笔钱的使用方式吗?
Federal funds have to be used as dictated by Washington. 联邦基金必须要由华盛顿下达指令才能使用。
dictate that
Islamic custom dictates that women should be fully covered. 伊斯兰教的习俗规定妇女必须要完全遮盖自己的身体。
3 [transitive] to control or influence something 决定，影响
ￚsynonym determine
dictate what/how etc
Funds dictate what we can do. 资金决定我们能做些什么。
model 使仿效;使模仿
1. model yourself on somebody
(British English) model yourself after somebody American English
to try to be like someone else because you admire them
e.g. Jim had always modelled himself on his great hero, Martin Luther King. 吉姆总是模仿他心目中的伟大英雄马丁·路德·金。
2. be modelled on something
to be designed in a way that copies another system or way of doing something
Their education system is modelled on the French one. 他们的教育体系是模仿法国而建立起来的。
perpetuation[transitive] 永久，使长存，保存
to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time
His view is that the welfare system helps to perpetuate failure and poverty. 他认为福利体系让失败和贫穷会一直延续下去。
This new book perpetuates all the old myths about the Kennedy assassination. 这本新书让肯尼迪被刺杀案件的原有神秘继续延续下去。
---perpetuation noun [uncountable]
incompetence
lack of the ability or skill to do a job properly
---opposite competence
managerial/professional etc incompetence 管理/专业上的无能
e.g. The report blamed police incompetence for the tragedy. 这份报告针对这次惨案指责警方的无能。
paradox
1 [countable] a situation that seems strange because it involves two ideas or qualities that are very different 自相矛盾的状况
It’s a paradox that in such a rich country there can be so much poverty. 在这样一个如此富裕的国家里会有这样贫穷的现象真是自相矛盾的事情。
2 [countable] a statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas that are both true似矛盾而可能正确的说法;自相矛盾的荒谬说法
The paradox is that fishermen would catch more fish if they fished less. 只有渔民少捕鱼才能捕到更多的鱼这一说法看似自相矛盾，但却是正确的。
Amotiv ation survey
IV. A motivation survey
grievance noun [uncountable and countable]
a belief that you have been treated unfairly, or an unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you不满;不平
anyone who has a legitimate grievance against the company 任何一个对公司有合理不满情绪的人
a means of overcoming genuine grievances 一种克服真正不满情绪的途径
There must be an opportunity for both sides to air their grievances. 双方都有机会宣泄自己的不满。
1. H
2. F
3. E
4. B
5. C
Vocabulary
1. lack of clear objectives
fit in phrasal verb
if someone fits in, they are accepted by the other people in a group 被接受，融入
e.g. I never really fitted in at school.
up to speed
having the latest information or knowledge about something 获取某一方面的最新信息或知识
Some school officials are only now getting up to speed regarding computers. 一些学校的领导人才开始了解有关电脑的最新知识。
John will bring you up to speed (=tell you the latest information). 约翰会带领你了解最新信息。
spell out phrasal verb
to explain something clearly and in detail讲清楚，详细地说明，研究出，琢磨出
spell out how/what etc
The report spelled out in detail what the implications were for teacher training.
scope noun
1 [uncountable] the range of things that a subject, activity, book etc deals with 范围
scope of
the need to define the scope of the investigation 需要明确调查的范围
beyond/outside/within the scope of something
A full discussion of that issue is beyond the scope of this book. 针对那个问题的探讨超出了本书的范围。
widen/broaden/extend etc the scope of something
Let us extend the scope of the study to examine more factors. 让我们将这项研究的范围延伸，来探讨更多的因素。
2 [uncountable] the opportunity to do or develop something 机会
scope for
The scope for successful gardening increases dramatically with a greenhouse. 随着大棚的出现，成功开展园艺的机会大大地增加了。
there is considerable/great/little etc scope for something
There is considerable scope for further growth in the economy. 经济上进一步增长将大有机会。
priority noun
plural priorities
1 [uncountable and countable] the thing that you think is most important and that needs attention before anything else 最重要的事情，优先考虑的事情
The club’s priority is to win the League. 这家俱乐部的当务之急就是要在联赛中获胜。
first/top/main priority 最重要的事情
The children are our first priority. 孩子是我们的第一要务。
After several burglaries in the area, security is now a high priority (=very important and needing attention soon). 在该地区发生了几起入室盗窃案件后，安全问题成为人们最关注的事情。
With so little money available, repairs must remain a low priority (=not important and not needing attention soon). 由于资金较少，维修只能保持在一个低水平上。
The customer is high on our list of priorities. 顾客是上帝。/顾客是我们重视的问题中重要的一环。
List your tasks in order of priority (=most important first). 将你要完成的任务按重要性进行排序。
2 [uncountable] the right to be given attention first and before other people or things 优先权
priority over
Buses should have priority over other road users. 公交车应比道路上的其他使用者享有优先权。
A young person who has finished the course will be given priority over one who has not. 完成了这门课程的年轻人会比那些没有上完课程的人获得被优先考虑的机会。
prioritize verb [transitive]
1 to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first把...区分优先次序
You need to prioritize your tasks. 你需要先做最重要的工作。
2 to deal with one thing first, because it is the most important 优先处理
The public wants to see the fight against crime prioritized. 公众想要看到整治犯罪的行动最先打响。
concrete adjective
1 made of concrete 混凝土的
a concrete floor 混凝土地板
2 definite and specific 具体的
the lack of any concrete evidence 缺乏具体证据
a dialogue about concrete issues and problems 针对具体问题的对话
ￚconcretely adverb
2. unsatisfactory pay
fall behind
to go more slowly than other people so that they gradually move further ahead of you 拉下来
His mother was chatting and didn’t notice that he had fallen behind. 他的妈妈边走边聊，没有注意到他已经拉下很远了。
She hurt her ankle and had fallen behind the others. 她扭伤了脚踝，与别人拉开了距离。
going adjective
the going rate/price/salary etc
the usual amount you pay or receive as payment for something 一般的薪酬
the going rate/price/salary etc for
Thirty dollars an hour is the going rate for a math tutor. 30元一小时是一般付给数学家教的工资。
undervalue v.
to think that someone or something is less important or valuable than they really are 低估
Society undervalues staying home and looking after children. 社会低估留在家里照料孩子的价值。
Analysts claim that the firm’s assets were undervalued by ￡300 million. 分析人士说这家公司的资产被低估了3亿英镑。
3. lack of recognition
dedicate verb [transitive]
1 to give all your attention and effort to one particular thing 集中精力于
dedicate yourself/your life to something
The actress now dedicates herself to children’s charity work. 这位女演员将她自己的毕生精力都奉献给了儿童慈善事业。
2 to say at the beginning of a book or film, or before a piece of music, that it has been written, made, or performed for someone that you love or respect (在书、电影、音乐的前面，出于尊敬或爱而)献给
dedicate something to somebody
The book was dedicated to her husband. 这本书要献给她的丈夫。
4 to use a place, time, money etc only for a particular purpose 使用(地方、时间、金钱)
dedicate something to/for something
The company dedicated $50,000 for the study. 这家公司为这一研究拨款5万美金。
dedicated adjective
1 someone who is dedicated works very hard at what they do because they care a lot about it 努力的，奉献的
a dedicated and thoughtful teacher 一位敬业和体贴的老师
She is a dedicated socialist. 她是一位非常热衷于社交的女士。
dedicated to
The Woodland Trust is dedicated to preserving our native woodland. 森林基金会专门致力于保护我们的自然森林。
2 [only before noun] made for or used for only one particular purpose 专门的
a dedicated graphics processor 专门的图片处理器
appreciate verb
1 [transitive not in progressive] to understand how serious or important a situation or problem is or what someone’s feelings are 认识到，意识到
ￚ同义词 realize
appreciate the significance/importance/value of something
He did not fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract. 他没有完全理解签署这个合同的重要性。
appreciate that
We appreciate that caring for children is an important job.我们认识到照料孩子是一件非常重要的工作。
appreciate what/how/why
It is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become. 现在还不能完全评估出局势有多么恶劣。
2 [transitive] used to thank someone in a polite way or to say that you are grateful for something they have done 感谢，感激
Thanks ever so much for your help, I really appreciate it. 感谢你的帮助，我真是万分感激。
I appreciate your concern, but honestly, I’m fine. 感谢你对我的担心，老实说，我很好。
I’d appreciate it if you let me get on with my job. 如果你能让我继续从事我的工作，我会万分感激。
3 [transitive] to understand how good or useful someone or something is 欣赏
Her abilities are not fully appreciated by her employer. 她的能力没有完全被她的雇主赏识到。
I’m not an expert, but I appreciate fine works of art. 虽说我不是专家，但我会鉴赏好的艺术品。
4 [intransitive] technical to gradually become more valuable over a period of time 升值 ￚ反义词 depreciate 贬值
Most investments are expected to appreciate at a steady rate. 多数投资预计都会稳定地升值。
beat verb
past tense beat past participle beaten
▶COMPETITION/ELECTION◀
[transitive] to get the most points, votes etc in a game, race, or competition 击败
ￚ同义词 defeat
Brazil were beaten, 2-1. 巴西以2: 1的比分被击败。
Labour easily beat the Conservatives in the last election. 工党在上次大选中轻而易举地击败了保守党。
▶HIT◀
[transitive] to hit someone or something many times with your hand, a stick etc 打
The woman had been beaten to death by her husband. 这名妇女被她的丈夫殴打致死。
Two prisoners were beaten unconscious. 两名监狱里的囚犯被殴打得不省人事。
▶DO BETTER◀
[transitive] to do something better, faster etc than what was best before 做得更好
beat a record/score etc 打破纪录
The record set by Kierson in ’84 has yet to be beaten. 由….在84年创造的纪录还没有人能够打破。
The company’s profits are unlikely to beat last year’s ￡10 million. 这家公司的利润不可能超过去年的1千万英镑。
See how many times you can do it in a minute, and then try to beat that amount. 看看你一分钟能做多少次，然后试着打破这个量。
