(2) 图表写作的开头段和结尾段
学员目前所学内容只是针对图表本身，而没有介绍图表的来龙去脉并在文章的最后做收尾工作。在这节中，我们将把这种描述在进一步的完善。
一、主题句的写法
在考试题目要求的第一项内容中往往是针对该图表的内容作总结性介绍。比如：我们在该章第一单元的练习中碰到了这样一道题，它的题目要求是这样表达的：
l The graph below shows development in the ownership of mobile telephones as percentage of all telephones owned.
l Using the information from the graph, write a short report on changes in telephone ownership.
第一项内容中说到下面的这幅图表显示手机在所有电话所占比例的情况。因此考生在开始描述图表中的趋势变化之前应该单独书写一段起始段，告诉读者你要描述的是一幅有关哪个方面的图表。书写这样的起始段有以下一些规律可以遵循。
(1)起始句可以遵循下面的一些模式性套话。
Type of chartAppropriate verbDescription
Theillustration
line graph
pie chart
bar chart
tableshows
illustrates
presentsthe number of …
the proportion of …
information on…
data on …
(1)尽量用自己的语言将题目要求和图表主题归纳出来。如果你将题目的要求或图表的主题逐字照搬，这样的做法会影响到你的分数。为了避免原文照搬，下面有几条建议：
方法一 —— 简单改变措辞。
题目要求：
The two pie charts show the proportion of males and females in employment in 6 broad categories.
主题句可以改写为：
The two pie charts show the proportion of men and women employed in 6 broad categories.
方法二 —— 改变结构。
题目要求：
The two pie charts show the proportion of males and females in employment in 6 broad categories.
主题句可以改写为：
The two pie charts show, in 6 broad categories, the proportion of males and females in employment.
方法三 —— 改变时间状语的表达方法。
题目要求：
The graph shows the total grain harvest area in millions of hectares between 1950 and 1996.
主题句可以改写为：
The graph shows the total grain harvest area in millions of hectares over a 36-year period.
一、结束语的写法
为了让读者知道你的写作结束，你应该使用一些明显提示性的语句。下面就是一些可供大家参考的语句。
ExpressionWhat to write
In summary, …
To sum up, …
重申上面提到的内容。
Express the main points of the illustration again in your own words.
In conclusion, …
To conclude, …
对上面还未提及的内容作总结性概括。
Say something new that does not extend too far beyond what the illustration shows.
在写结束语时，中国考生还容易犯一个错误，就是对图表传达出来的信息做臆测。也就是说很多中国学生在结尾句中发表没有太多依据的主观看法。这样的结尾句写得就有问题，希望能够引起考生的注意。
下面请学员多看主题句和结束语的例证。
例一：
l The graphs below the changing share prices of two private companies that went public and issued shares on the stock exchange. Both companies were eventually bought back by their previous owners.
l Using the information from the graphs, write a short report describing the general movement of the share prices and comparing the performance of the two companies between the issue date and the buy-back date.
起始段
The graphs show the changing share prices of Scorpio Group and West End Group, from the date when they went public to the date when they were eventually bought back.
中间两段描述略
结束语
The shares of West End Group performed much better than Scorpio Group.
例二：
l The two pie charts below show a) the three main types of shop which sell your company’s products, and b) the proportion of your sales that each type of shop handle in 1994 and 1995.
l Using the information from the charts, write a short report which describes the situation in 1994 and compares it with the situation in 1995.
起始段
The two pie charts present the proportion of sales made in three types of shop between 1994 and 1995.
中间段略
结束语
The figures show that the large Supermarkets/ Hypermarkets took more of our goods than our other retailers and their sales represented well over 50% of our total sales.
IV. Understanding mergers
1. Speaking.
Possible reasons:
to reduce costs, to expand the company, to enter new markets, to buy market share, to buy brands or patents, to buy a distribution channel, to complement a product portfolio
patent noun [uncountable and countable] a special document that gives you the right to make or sell a new invention or product that no one else is allowed to copy 专利文件
patent on/for
He applied for a patent for a new method of removing paint. 他为他研制的新型去除油漆的方法而申请专利。
He wants to take out a patent on his new type of dustbin. 他想为他研制的新型垃圾桶而办理专利手续。
The drugs are protected by patent. 这种要受专利法保护。
complement verb [transitive]
to make a good combination with someone or something else 补充，结合
John and Bob complemented each other extremely well. 约翰和鲍波配合得特别好。
The dark red walls complement the red leather chairs. 深红色的墙与红色的皮椅相得益彰。
portfolio noun[countable]
plural portfolios
1 a large flat case used especially for carrying pictures, documents etc文件夹;公事包
2 a set of pictures or other pieces of work that an artist, photographer etc has done
(艺术家等的)代表作
You’ll need to prepare a portfolio of your work. 你需要准备一套你的作品选集。
3 a group of stocks owned by a particular person or company (公司或个人的)投资组合
an investment portfolio 投资组合
4 British English the work that a particular government official is responsible for部长[大臣]的职位
the foreign affairs portfolio外交部长的工作
Possible problems
A hostile takeover may lead to resentment, the difficulty of combining different company/national cultures, job losses due to restructuring, the merger may be referred to a monopolies commission
hostile adjective
1 angry and deliberately unfriendly towards someone and ready to argue with them 充满敌意的
Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception.
his hostile attitude
hostile to/towards
The boy feels hostile towards his father.
2 opposing a plan or idea very strongly 强烈反对的
hostile to/towards
Senator Lydon was hostile to our proposals.
3 belonging to an enemy 敌方的
hostile territory
4 used to describe conditions that are difficult to live in, or that make it difficult to achieve something困难的
hostile environment/climate/terrain etc
a guide to surviving in even the most hostile terrain
Sales increased last year despite the hostile economic environment. 销售额在去年困难的经济环境下还是有了增长。
5 hostile takeover/bid
a situation in which a company tries to buy another company which does not want to be bought 恶意收购/竞标
resent verb [transitive]
to feel angry or upset about a situation or about something that someone has done, especially because you think that it is not fair 感到愤怒、沮丧
resent (somebody) doing something
I resented having to work such long hours. 我对工作这么长时间感到愤怒。
bitterly/deeply/strongly resent
She bitterly resented his mother’s influence over him. 她非常讨厌他妈妈对他产生的影响。
Paul resented the fact that Carol didn’t trust him. 保罗对于凯罗不信任他而感到生气。
resentment noun [uncountable]
a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is unfair愤怒;憎恨
ￚ同义词 bitterness
resentment at/against/of etc
She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for promotion. 她对于此次低于她级别的人得到了提升机会而在心中充满了深深的愤恨。
feel/harbour/bear resentment
He felt considerable resentment towards Sheila for making him work late. 他对于舍拉让他加班至深夜而深感不满。
resentful adjective
feeling angry and upset about something that you think is unfair 愤怒的，憎恨的
ￚsynonym bitter
resentful of/about/at etc
She felt resentful at not being promoted. 她对于未能被提升而感到愤怒。
ￚresentfully adverb
ￚresentfulness noun [uncountable]
restructure verb [transitive]
to change the way in which something such as a government, business, or system is organized 重组
proposals to radically restructure Britain’s electronics industry 针对英国电子行业巨大重组的提议
ￚrestructuring noun [uncountable and countable]
the major restructuring of our armed forces 对于我们武装部队的大规模重组
monopoly noun
plural monopolies
1 [countable] if a company or government has a monopoly of a business or political activity, it has complete control of it so that other organizations cannot compete with it 垄断
monopoly of
They are demanding an end to the Communist Party’s monopoly of power. 他们要求共产党终止对权力的垄断。
the state monopoly of television 国家对于电视的垄断
monopoly on/in
For years Bell Telephone had a monopoly on telephone services in the US. 几年来，贝尔电话公司在美国的电话服务行业中一直处于垄断地位。
a monopoly in copper trading 对铜业贸易的垄断
2 [countable] a large company that controls all or most of a business activity 垄断企业
The company will become a state-owned monopoly. 这家企业将变成一家国有的垄断企业。
