▶SOMETHING YOU MUST DO◀
[uncountable and countable] something that you have to do because it is morally or legally right 责任，义务
ￚsynonym obligation
We feel it is our duty to help her.
Local authorities have a duty to keep the streets clean.
You have a duty to your husband and to your children.
She has a strong sense of moral duty.
The unions have failed in their duty to female workers.
In the traditional Hindu family, the son is duty-bound to look after his mother.
▶WORK◀
[countable usually plural, uncountable]
something you have to do as part of your job 不得不做的工作
duties
Martin’s duties included cleaning the cars.
She works for her father doing part-time secretarial duties.
He will soon be fit enough to carry out his duties (=do his job).
He can only do light duties.
A teacher may be fired for neglect of duty (=failing to do their job properly). 渎职
3 be on/off duty
to be working or not working at a particular time, especially when you are doing a job which people take turns to do, so that someone is always doing it
He’s on night duty next week.
What time do you go off duty (=finish work)?
▶TAX◀
[uncountable and countable] a tax you pay on something you buy 商品税
duty on
the duty on cigarettes 香烟税
customs duty (=tax paid on goods coming into the country) 关税
· Reading.
What is Workset?
brochure noun [countable]
a thin book giving information or advertising something
a holiday brochure
response noun
1 [uncountable and countable] something that is done as a reaction to something that has happened or been said
response to
the public’s response to our appeal for help 公众对我们呼吁帮助的回应
in response to something
The law was passed in response to public pressure. 为了应对公众的压力，该法律不得不被批准通过。
positive/favourable/negative etc response
The exhibition has received a positive response from visitors. 参观者对该展览的反应积极。
an emotional/angry response
The decision provoked an angry response from residents.该决定引起居民们的愤怒反应。
Emmett’s new exhibition has met with a favourable response from critics.
2 [countable] something that is said or written as a reply 答复
response to
’Sure, why not?’ was his response to all of Billie’s suggestions.
Carl made no response, and carried on with his meal.
in response (to something)
I am writing in response to your letter of June 12.
adopt verb
▶CHILD◀
[intransitive and transitive] to take someone else’s child into your home and legally become its parent
Sally was adopted when she was four.
The couple are unable to have children of their own, but hope to adopt.
2 adopt an approach/policy/attitude etc [transitive]
to start to deal with or think about something in a particular way
The courts were asked to adopt a more flexible approach to young offenders. 人们要求法庭采取更加灵活的方式对待年轻罪犯。
The store recently adopted a drug testing policy for all new employees. 该商店对所有新员工采取毒品检查制度。
California has adopted a tough stance on the issue. 加利福尼亚对该问题采取严厉的立场。
▶LAW/RULE◀
[transitive] to formally approve a proposal, amendment etc, especially by voting 通过表决批准，通过
Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
请比较
foster verb
1 [transitive] to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time
ￚsynonym encourage, promote
The bishop helped foster the sense of a community embracing all classes.
2 [intransitive and transitive] to take someone else’s child into your family for a period of time but without becoming their legal parent
The couple wanted to adopt a black child they had been fostering.
specify verb[transitive] to state something in an exact and detailed way明确指出
past tense and past participle specified present participle specifying third person singular specifies
Payments will be made for a specified number of months.
specify who/what/how etc
Regulations specify how long maintenance crews can work.
specify that
The rules clearly specify that competitors must not accept payment.
allocate verb [transitive]
to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made 分配
allocate something to somebody/something
the importance of allocating resources to local communities 将资源分配给地方社区的重要性
You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.你应该给每一道题分配相同的时间。
allocate something for something
One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief. 政府拨出100万美元用来救援受灾地区。
job description noun [countable]
an official list of the work and responsibilities that you have in your job工作职责描述
= job brief
= job profile
replace verb [transitive]
1 to start doing something instead of another person, or start being used instead of another thing 替换
I’m replacing Sue on the team. 我接替苏在这个团队工作。
Lectures have replaced the old tutorial system. 讲座代替了陈旧的辅导课形式。
2to remove someone from their job or something from its place, and put a new person or thing there 接替
Two of the tyres had to be replaced. 两个轮胎需要更换。
replace something with something
They replaced the permanent staff with part-timers. 他们将长期雇用的员工用临时工代替。
3 if you replace something that has been broken, stolen etc, you get a new one换成新的
I’ll replace the vase I broke as soon as possible. 我将把上次打碎的花瓶换掉。
replacement noun
1[uncountable] when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before 替换物
Our old car is badly in need of replacement. 我们的这辆旧车仅需更换。
2 knee/hip/joint replacement 膝盖/臀部/关节置换
an artificial knee etc that replaces a damaged one, given to people in a medical operation 假关节
3[countable] someone or something that replaces another person or thing 接替人
replacement for
It was difficult to find a replacement for Ted. 很难找到接替泰德工作的人。
static adjective not moving, changing, or developing
ￚopposite dynamic
Economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period. 经济学家预测房屋价格将在很长一段时间内不会变化。
dynamic adjective
1 full of energy and new ideas, and determined to succeed
dynamic and ambitious people
2 continuously moving or changing
a dynamic and unstable process
ￚdynamically adverb
interpret verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to translate one language into another
They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.
2 [transitive] to believe that something someone does or something that happens has a particular meaning 理解为
interpret something as something
His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company. 人们把他拒绝工作到很晚理解为对公司缺乏奉献精神。
3 [transitive] to explain the meaning of something 解释
Freud’s attempts to interpret the meaning of dreams 弗洛伊德试图揭示梦的意思
4 [transitive] to perform a part in a play, a piece of music etc in a way that shows your feelings about it or what you think it means 诠释一个(演出、音乐中的)角色
approach verb
▶MOVE TOWARDS◀ 接近
[intransitive and transitive] to move towards or nearer to someone or something
She heard footsteps approaching. 她听见脚步声越来越近。
▶ASK◀ 询问，接洽
[transitive] to ask someone for something, or ask them to do something, especially when you are asking them for the first time or when you are not sure if they will do it
approach somebody for something
Students should be able to approach teachers for advice. 学生可以找到老师询问建议。
approach somebody/something about (doing) something
The charity approached several stores about giving food aid. 这家慈善机构与多家商店接洽，希望他们给与食物援助。
I have already been approached by several other companies (=offered a job, work etc). 已经有几家公司与我接洽。
▶DEAL WITH◀
[transitive] to begin to deal with a situation or problem in a particular way or with a particular attitude
approach a problem/task/matter etc 解决，处理(问题)
It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way. 处理相同问题可以采用不同的解决办法。
approach noun
▶METHOD◀
[countable] a method of doing something or dealing with a problem 方法
approach to
a new approach to teaching languages 一种新的语言教学方法
He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story-telling. 他决定采用一种不同方法，即通过讲故事的方法来教授圣经。
feedback noun [uncountable]
1 advice, criticism etc about how successful or useful something is 反馈意见
How can I provide feedback without making someone angry? 我怎样做才能在不激怒别人的情况下提出自己的反馈意见呢?
feedback on
Try to give each student some feedback on the task. 针对这项作业，尽量给每位学生提出反馈意见。
review noun
1 [uncountable and countable] a careful examination of a situation or process
review of
She sent us her review of the research.
carry out/conduct/undertake a review
The company hired Bob to conduct an independent review of their workplace procedures.
review body/committee/panel/board
the Teachers’ Pay Review Body
under review
We’re keeping this policy under review (=we are continuing to examine it).
The policy comes up for review (=will be reviewed) in April.
All fees are subject to review (=may be reviewed).
Mr Crowther asked for judicial review of the decision (=an examination of the decision by a judge).
2 [countable] an article in a newspaper or magazine that gives an opinion about a new book, play, film etc
a film review
review of
The paper published a review of her book.
good/bad/mixed review
The band’s new album has had very good reviews.
The film opened to rave reviews (=reviews that praised it a lot) .
see usage note critic
3 [uncountable] the work of writing reviews for a newspaper or magazine
for review
The book was sent to the press for review in September.
The journal receives review copies (=free copies to review) of most new software products.
4 [countable] a report on a series of events or a period of time, that mentions the most important parts
review of
a review of the year
5 [countable] an official show of the army, navy etc so that a king, president, or officer of high rank can see them 军队的检阅
a naval review 检阅海军
abreast adverb
1 keep/stay abreast of something
to make sure that you know all the most recent facts or information about a particular subject or situation 掌握最新信息
It’s important to keep abreast of the latest developments in computers.
2 walk/ride etc abreast
to walk, ride etc next to each other, all facing the same way 并肩走
two/three/four etc abreast (=with two, three, four etc people or vehicles next to each other)
The planes were flying four abreast.
3 level with someone or something or in line with them 并排地
As the car drew abreast of him, Jack suddenly recognised the driver.
realign verb [transitive]
1 to change the way in which something is organized 重新调整
ￚsynonym reorganize
The company is planning to realign its sales operations. 这家公司计划重新调整其销售经营。
2 realign yourself with somebody
to begin to support and work together with someone again 支持，共同工作
They have tried to realign themselves with the communists. 他们努力让自己能和共产党人一起工作。
3 to change the position of something slightly so that it is in the correct position in relation to something else 调整位置
You’ll have to realign your text columns. 你要调整你文章分栏的位置。
How does the Workset system use colour to clarify work roles?
Workset allows companies to clarify work roles by classifying different aspects of the job according to colour. Companies can use colour to specify the exact level of responsibility to be given to a number of key tasks. These specifications can be changed as the job changes. Employees can use the same system to give feedback on the job from their point of view, ensuring that job descriptions remain relevant.
Core colours
prescribe vt, vi
命令;规定
prescribe verb [transitive]
1 to say what medicine or treatment a sick person should have开药方;开处方
---prescription 名词
prescribe somebody something
If these don’t work I may have to prescribe you something stronger. 如果这种药还不奏效的话，我就不得不给你开出药效更大的药了。
prescribe something for something
the drugs prescribed for his stomach pains 治疗他胃疼的药物
2 formal to state officially what should be done in a particular situation 正式宣布做法
What punishment does the law prescribe for this crime? 对于这种罪行，法律条文中指出应给与怎样的惩罚?
machine verb [transitive]
1 to fasten pieces of cloth together using a sewing machine 缝纫
2 to make or shape something using a machine用机器制造、加工
machinist noun [countable]
someone who operates a machine, especially in a factory
All the women are highly-skilled machinists. 所有妇女都是技术精湛的缝纫工。
specification noun [countable]
1 [usually plural] a detailed instruction about how a car, building, piece of equipment etc should be made详细说明书;清单
build/manufacture/produce something to ... specifications
The airport building had been constructed to FAA specifications.
The bolts met all the engineering specifications.
2 especially British English a clear statement of what is needed or wanted描述，说明
a specification of what role each member will play 对每个人应该承担职责的描述
job specification (=a detailed description of what a job involves) 职责描述
initiate verb [transitive]
1 formal to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan开始，发起
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper. 他们决定对这家报纸开始进行法律诉讼程序。
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism. 知识分子发起对恐怖主义的辩论。
2 to tell someone about something or show them how to do something 告知，展示给某人做事的方式
initiate somebody into something
Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age. 那些孩子在还很小的时候就被教唆服用海洛因。
peak occupancy
peak noun [countable]
