concession noun
▶SOMETHING YOU ALLOW SOMEBODY◀
[countable] something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement
concession to
a policy of no concessions to terrorists
make any concessions.
his readiness to make concessions on many of the issues raised
We will try to force further concessions from the government.
▶A RIGHT◀
[uncountable and countable] a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right 特许权，特许
the ending of tax concessions for home owners
the import/export concessions that had been granted to the island
the concession of autonomy to the universities
▶PRICE REDUCTION◀
[countable] British English a reduction in the price of tickets, fees etc for certain groups of people, for example old people or children
ￚsynonym reduction
To qualify for travel concessions you have to be 60.
Open daily, adults ￡4, concessions ￡2 (=people who have the right to a concession pay ￡2) .
▶CHANGE OF BEHAVIOUR◀
[countable] a change in your behaviour that you make because of a particular situation or idea
He took off his jacket as a concession to the heat.
He made no concessions to fashion.
▶BUSINESS◀
[countable] American English
a) the right to have a business in a particular place, especially in a place owned by someone else
The company owns valuable logging and mining concessions.
b) a small business that sells things in a place owned by someone else
Joe runs a hamburger concession in the mall. 租地营业商摊
▶THINGS SOLD◀
concessions [plural] American English the things sold at a concession stand
brush somebody/something ↔ off phrasal verb
to refuse to listen to someone or their ideas, especially by ignoring them or saying something rude
Corman brushed off accusations that he had acted dishonestly.
ￚsee also brush-off
have second thoughts
to start having doubts about a decision you have made
You’re not having second thoughts, are you?
have second thoughts about
She’d had second thoughts about the whole project.
on second thoughts
British English on second thought American English
spoken used to say that you have changed your mind about something
I’ll call her tomorrow - no, on second thought, I’ll try now.
overlap noun [uncountable and countable]
the amount by which two activities, ideas, things etc overlap
overlap between
There is considerable overlap between the girls’ and boys’ test results.
overlap of
an overlap of about two centimetres
a large degree of overlap
accrete v. 添加生长，连生，合生，
dilute v. 冲淡，稀释，削弱，降低，使颜色变淡，退色
ReadingTestPart2
VII. Reading Test Part 2
Part Two
第二部分共有6道题，考察的形式也是搭配题，但解题的思路则完全不同。题目中会首先给你一篇文章，只不过文章并不完整，会有六处各缺少一句话。而选项则有8个，其中选项H是例子，可以排除，所以说这道题是从7选6，只有一个干扰项。这道题的阅读量为450-500字左右。下面我们就来看一道例题。
I. Example
Questions 9-14
l Read this text from a business magazine.
l Choose the best sentence from A-H to fill in each of the gaps.
l For each gap 9-14, mark one letter A-H.
l Do not use any letter more than once.
l There is an example at the beginning (0).
Making new products a success
After successfully creating a new product it is essential to find an effective way of marketing it. Promising British creations have often failed to sell because they have not been correctly marketed by those who had the idea, with the result that large foreign corporations have successfully taken over the marketing and made huge profits from a product created by someone else. 0 H
It is more expensive to stop your competitors when they have already entered a market than it is to stop their initiatives at birth. 9 This early disposal of any competition is obviously preferable, but it is possible that once you have established a new market, your competitors may spoil your plans by trying to gain a share of your profits, increase the cost of entering the market, or start their own related market venture. 10 If you are aware of what your competitors are planning, you can stay one step ahead.
Choosing the best time to enter the market is also important. Researchers have conflicting views about the value of being first to market. 11 But recent research indicates that commitment to leading the market is more important. Such commitment involves having a vision for the medium term of how the market will evolve, being prepared to “stay with it”, and adapting your product and service as the market develops and new entrants emerge.
Looking ahead at what is likely to happen in the market is essential. Many new products fail because their promoters either neglect to anticipate the conditions of future markets, or mistakenly assume that their products will not need any alterations in the future. 12 Markets change constantly and forward thinking of this kind dictates the level of investment necessary to ensure success. Many organizations have tried to minimize the risk by cutting back on initial investment. 13
The ability to predict and plan, then, is the real key to the success of a new product. 14 You may develop a great product, but still fail because your company hasn’t adapted to a new environment.
A. Some have argued that more damage is done by being over budget than by launching the product six months late.
B. This could be done by effective advertising before establishing a market, which may discourage them from entering it.
C. Without these skills, a new product is very unlikely to be successful in the market place.
D. When companies launch such new products, they should be prepared to adjust over time and recognize the need for future change to the product.
E. Outside investment, however, is not always an aid to the success of a new product.
F. In order to stop them doing any of these things, it is important to improve your market intelligence.
G. But such attempts at economizing invariably fail, as other companies with more realistic financial planning move in.
H. The lesson here is that it is important to put as much effort into selling the product as into its creation.
Analysis:
This task requires an overt focus on cohesion粘合(力)and coherence一致性 to which many students may not be accustomed. Understanding, not only of the meaning of the text but of some of the features of its structure, is tested. You need to read for structure as well as detail.
When dealing with this kind of question type, you should take the following steps:
1.Read the first paragraph including the example answer to set up an outline about the passage;
2.Read Question 9 and take all the seven choices into consideration;
3.If you can’t choose the answer to question 9, you can then continue to read the passage to the other questions with the seven choices;
4. While reading, you should find out the inherent relations between each sentence and bear the topic in mind.
Step 1: Reading the passage and setting up an outline
After successfully creating a new product it is essential to find an effective way of marketing it. Promising British creations have often failed to sell because they have not been correctly marketed by those who had the idea, with the result that large foreign corporations have successfully taken over the marketing and made huge profits from a product created by someone else. 0 H The lesson here is that it is important to put as much effort into selling the product as into its creation.
Step 2: Reading Question 9 taking seven choices into consideration
It is more expensive to stop your competitors when they have already entered a market than it is to stop their initiatives at birth. 9 This early disposal of any competition is obviously preferable,
This part of the passage is to tell readers that in order to avoid your competitors entering the market, you should do something. ‘This’ in the following sentence refers to the method. In this way, you can find out the inherent cohesion and coherence.
Key: B
This could be done by effective advertising before establishing a market, which may discourage them from entering it.
Do not stop reading sentences at the question. You should continue to read one or two sentences afterwards. Therefore, you can weave a context and find the cohesion and coherence.
Step 3: Continuing to read other questions. Sometimes you may not find the answer directly and quickly, then you should skip to other questions.
Question 10
but it is possible that once you have established a new market, your competitors may spoil your plans by trying to gain a share of your profits, increase the cost of entering the market, or start their own related market venture. 10 If you are aware of what your competitors are planning, you can stay one step ahead.
Analysis:
The meaning of these sentences is that once you have set up your market, your competitors may find ways to compete with you. In this case, the answer should be F.
Key: F
In order to stop them doing any of these things, it is important to improve your market intelligence.
Question 11
Choosing the best time to enter the market is also important. Researchers have conflicting views about the value of being first to market. 11
Key: A
Some have argued that more damage is done by being over budget than by launching the product six months late.
Question 12
Looking ahead at what is likely to happen in the market is essential. Many new products fail because their promoters either neglect to anticipate the conditions of future markets, or mistakenly assume that their products will not need any alterations in the future. 12
Key: D
When companies launch such new products, they should be prepared to adjust over time and recognize the need for future change to the product.
Question 13
Markets change constantly and forward thinking of this kind dictates(支配) the level of investment necessary to ensure success. Many organizations have tried to minimize the risk by cutting back on initial investment. 13
Key: G
But such attempts at economizing invariably (经常地) fail, as other companies with more realistic financial planning move in.
Question 14
The ability to predict and plan, then, is the real key to the success of a new product. 14 You may develop a great product, but still fail because your company hasn’t adapted to a new environment.
Key: C
Looking ahead at what is likely to happen in the market is essential.
答案: B F A D G C
