III. Types of company structure
1. Speaking.
A. Large established company. 层级制金字塔结构，层级制组织机构
Hierarchical pyramid structure.
well-established adjective
something that is well-established has existed for a long time and is respected or trusted by people 历史悠久的
a well-established law firm 一家历史悠久的律师事务所
a well-established scientific theory 一个被人们信服的科学理论
long-established adj.
B. Small company (owner manager).
Flat management structure. 扁平化的管理结构
C. Flexible company with project-based teams. 由项目小组构成的灵活公司体系
2. Reading.
Time for the big small company
矛盾修辞法：健全而高效的公司体制、大而精干的公司、反应快速的大公司
New words
marry also marry up
[transitive] formal to combine two different ideas, designs, tastes etc together结合
marry something with/to something
The building’s design marries a traditional style with modern materials. 这座大楼的设计将传统风格和现代材料结合在一起。
marry something and something
He writes fiction that marries up realism and the supernatural. 他写的科幻小说将现实主义和超自然主义结合在一起。
authority noun
plural authorities
▶POWER◀ [uncountable] the power you have because of your official position
people in positions of authority 权威
in authority
Could I speak to someone in authority (=who has a position of power) please? 我能跟负责的人通话吗?
authority over
Several countries claim authority over the islands. 许多国家都对这些岛屿声明拥有主权。
authority to do something
The court held that school officials have the authority to dismiss teachers. 法庭认为学校官员有权解雇教师。
2 the authorities
the people or organizations that are in charge of a particular country or area 官方机构或人员
an agreement between the US and Columbian authorities 美国和哥伦比亚官方人员签订的协议
▶ORGANIZATION◀
[countable] an official organization or a government department that has the power to make decisions, and has particular responsibilities 官方机构
the local authority 当地部门
Welsh health authorities face a ￡13m deficit this year. 威尔士的健康部门今年面临着1300万英镑的赤字。
▶EXPERT◀
[countable] someone who knows a lot about a subject and whose knowledge and opinions are greatly respected 权威，专家
authority on
Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food. 李先生是中国食物方面的一流权威。
▶PERMISSION◀
[uncountable and countable] official permission to do something 授权
under the authority of somebody
The attack took place under the authority of the UN security council.这次袭击行动是在联合国安理会的授权下进行的。
without somebody’s authority
No one may enter without my authority. 没有我同意，任何人不准进入。
start-up noun [countable] a new small company or business, especially one whose work involves computers or the Internet 新建公司
an Internet start-up 互联网新建公司
start-up adjective [only before noun] connected with starting a new business
start-up costs 新建公司的成本
responsive adjective
1 reacting quickly, in a positive way (对…)易于或迅速反应的
a car with highly responsive steering
responsive to
We try to be responsive to the needs of the customer. 我们试图对顾客的需求做出最迅速的反应。
Her condition is not responsive to drug therapy. 她目前的状况对药物治疗不会有作用。
2 eager to communicate with people, and to react to them in a positive way 愿意与人沟通的、交往的
I tried to get him talking, but he wasn’t very responsive. 我试图让他开口说话，但是他并不愿意多谈。
ￚresponsively adverb
ￚresponsiveness noun [uncountable]
nimble adj.
1 able to move quickly and easily with light neat movements灵活的，敏捷的
synonym agile
nimble fingers
a nimble climber
2 a nimble mind/brain/wit
an ability to think quickly or understand things easily聪明的
ￚnimbly adverb
ￚnimbleness noun [uncountable]
sizeable adjective fairly large 相当大的
sizeable amount/number
a sizeable amount of money
sizeable proportion/portion/minority (of something)
Part-time students make up a sizeable proportion of the college population. 在大学入学生中，半工半读的学生占了相当大的比例。
inherent adjective formal
a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it 内在的
inherent in
I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system. 非常抱歉，你所提及的问题是系统本身就有的。
Every business has its own inherent risks. 每个企业都有它自己内在的风险。
ￚinherently adverb
Firefighting is an inherently dangerous occupation. 消防工作本身是一项危险的职业。
define verb [transitive]
1 to describe something correctly and thoroughly, and to say what standards, limits, qualities etc it has that make it different from other things 使明确，使清楚
the ability to define clients’ needs 明确客户需要的能力
The duties of the post are difficult to define. 该职位的职责很难明确。
clearly/well defined 清楚地描述
The tasks will be clearly defined by the tutor. 老师会清楚地说明任务。
define something as something
70% of the workers can be defined as low-paid. 70%的工人是低收入人群。
2 to explain exactly the meaning of a particular word or idea 解释
I’ll now try to define the term ’popular culture’. 我试图解释“流行文化”这个术语。
define something as something
ￚ definition
ￚdefinable adjective
typical adjective
1having the usual features or qualities of a particular group or thing 典型的，有代表性的，有象征性的
typical British weather典型的英国天气
typical of
This painting is typical of his work.这幅油画是他的作品中具有代表性的。
This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing strategy. 这个广告是他们市场开发战略的典型案例。
hamper verb [transitive]
to make it difficult for someone to do something阻碍，使不能任意行动
She tried to run, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase. 她试图跑起来，但是由于携带着沉重的手提箱而无法快走。
An attempt to rescue the men has been hampered by bad weather. 天气不好致使救援这些人的努力受阻。
break down phrasal verb
1 if a car or machine breaks down, it stops working汽车抛锚，出故障
The car broke down just north of Paris.
The printing machines are always breaking down.
2 to fail or stop working in a successful way中断，停止
Negotiations broke down after only two days.
I left London when my marriage broke down.
3 break something ↔ down
if you break down a door, you hit it so hard that it breaks and falls to the ground 打碎，击碎
Police had to break down the door to get into the flat.
4 break something ↔ down
to change or remove something that prevents people from working together and having a successful relationship with each other 打破，改变
Getting young people together will help to break down the barriers between them.
It takes a long time to break down prejudices.
5 to be unable to stop yourself crying, especially in public
He broke down and cried. She broke down in tears when she heard the news.
6 break something ↔ down
to separate something into smaller parts so that it is easier to do or understand 细分，分解
He showed us the whole dance, then broke it down so that we could learn it more easily.
The question can be broken down into two parts.
---breakdown n.
critical adjective
▶CRITICIZING◀ if you are critical, you criticize someone or something批评的
critical of
Many economists are critical of the government’s economic policies. 许多经济学家都对政府的经济政策批评态度。
Many parents are strongly critical of the school. 许多家长都对这家学校批评不已。
▶IMPORTANT◀ something that is critical is very important because what happens in the future depends on it 重要的
ￚ同义词 crucial
critical to
These talks are critical to the future of the peace process. 这些会谈对未来的和平进程至关重要。
It is absolutely critical for us to know the truth. 对我们来说了解真相非常重要。
Foreign trade is of critical importance to the economy.对外贸易对这个国家的经济至关重要。
▶SERIOUS/WORRYING◀ a critical time or situation is serious and worrying because things might suddenly become much worse 危机的
The fighting has stopped, but the situation is still critical. 争斗已经平息，但是局势仍然严峻。
changes that took place during the critical period at the end of the war在战争即将结束时，危急阶段发生的变化
▶ILL◀ so ill that you might die 危重的(疾病)
He is still in a critical condition in hospital. 他仍在医院，病情十分危重。
She is in intensive care, where she remains critical but stable. 她正接受全面的照料，目前她的状况虽然严重但是已经稳定下来。
▶MAKING JUDGMENTS◀ making careful judgments about how good or bad something is 挑剔的，审视的
His book provides a critical analysis of the television industry in Britain. 他的书就 英国的电视产业作了详尽的分析。
a man with a critical eye具有批判眼光的人
more/most importantly/less/ equally importantly, ……
access noun [uncountable]
1the right to enter a place, use something, see someone etc 进入某地、使用某物或看望某人的权利
access to
Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. 只有高层管理人员才有权看到这些文件。
Cats should always have access to fresh, clean water. 要经常让猫能够喝到新鲜干净的水。
2 how easy or difficult it is for people to enter a public building, to reach a place, or talk to someone 可接近性
a villa with easy access to the sea 一座很容易就到海边的别墅
3 the way you use to enter a building or reach a place 途径，通道
Access is by means of a small door on the right. 入口处在右边的一个小门。
access to
Access to the restrooms is through the foyer. 去往厕所的路要穿过大堂。
4 have access to a car/a computer etc
to have a car, computer etc that you can use 可以使用车或登陆电脑
5 gain/get access (to something)
to succeed in entering a place or in seeing someone or something 可以进入某地或看到某人
The police managed to gain access through an upstairs window. 警方试图通过楼上的窗户进入。
detailed adjective
1 containing or including a lot of information or details 详细的
detailed description/account/analysis etc 详细的描述/记录/分析
a detailed study of crime in Seattle针对西雅图犯罪的详细研究
More detailed information is available on request. 如果有需要，我们会提供更加详细的信息。
real-time adjective [only before noun]
technical a real-time computer system deals with information as fast as it receives it实时的
a real-time operating system实时操作系统
ￚreal time noun [uncountable]
The images are created in real time. 这些图像是马上创作出来的。
refine verb [transitive]
1 to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight changes to it 使精美，使改进
Car makers are constantly refining their designs. 汽车制造厂家不断地改进他们的是设计。
2 to make a substance purer using an industrial process 精炼
oil refining 精炼石油
monitor verb [transitive]
1 to carefully watch and check a situation in order to see how it changes over a period of time严密观察，检查
Patients who are given the new drug will be asked to monitor their progress. 参与试验新药的病人将被观察他们治疗的进展。
The government is monitoring the situation very closely. 政府正在密切监控局势。
The temperature is carefully monitored.温度被密切监控。
2to secretly listen to other people’s telephone calls, foreign radio broadcasts etc监听
He suspected that his phone calls were being monitored.他怀疑与人监听他的电话。
motivate verb [transitive]
1 to be the reason why someone does something促使, 驱使
ￚ同义词 drive
Would you say that he was motivated solely by a desire for power? 你的意思是说他完全只被追逐权利的愿望驱使着吗?
motivate somebody to do something
We may never know what motivated him to kill his wife. 是什么驱使他杀了他的妻子, 我们对此不得而知.
2 to make someone want to achieve something and make them willing to work hard in order to do this 激励
A good teacher has to be able to motivate her students. 一个好教师应该是有能力激励她的学生.
motivate somebody to do something
The profit-sharing plan is designed to motivate the staff to work hard.这个利润分享计划就是要激励员工勤奋地工作。
---motivation n.
act for somebody/act on somebody’s behalf
to represent someone, especially in a court of law or by doing business for them 代表
Makin, a solicitor, is acting for the young people in their case against the county council. 麦金，一位律师，在一个案件中替年轻人代理起诉乡村委员会。
I am acting on behalf of the bank. 我目前代表银行。
perspective noun
1 [countable] a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences 看法，视角
perspective on
His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life. 他父亲的去世给了他对人生完全新的看法。
from somebody’s perspective
The novel is written from a child’s perspective. 这部小说以一个孩子的视角展开的。
from a feminist/Christian/global etc perspective
We have to look at everything from an international perspective. 我们必须要从一个国际视角来看待事务。
wider/broader perspective 广阔的视角
accomplish verb [transitive]
to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard 取得，完成
ￚsynonym achieve
We have accomplished all we set out to do. 我们完成了所有最初想要做的事情。
Mission accomplished (=we have done what we intended to do). 任务完成。
Words in the figure
agile adjective
1 able to move quickly and easily灵活的，灵敏的
Dogs are surprisingly agile. 狗出奇地灵敏。
2 someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligently 聪明的
He was physically strong and mentally agile. 他身体健壮，思路灵敏。
ￚagility noun [uncountable] 敏捷，灵活，机敏
With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road.
collaborate verb [intransitive]
1 to work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially in science or art 合作
collaborate on
The two nations are collaborating on several satellite projects. 这两个国家正在为几个卫星工程而合作。
collaborate with
During the late seventies, he collaborated with the legendary Muddy Waters. 在70年代末期，他与传奇人物….. 合作过。
collaborate to do something
Researchers are collaborating to develop the vaccine. 研究人员共同合作研发这种疫苗。
collaborate in (doing) something
Elephants collaborate in looking after their young. 大象共同合作照料它们孩子。
autonomy noun [uncountable]
1 freedom that a place or an organization has to govern or control itself自治
ￚsynonym independence
campaigners who want greater autonomy for Corsica 游行示威者要求对…地区拥有更多的自治权
2 the ability or opportunity to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else 独立
ￚsynonym independence
Teachers are given considerable individual autonomy. 学校给老师个人相当多的独立。
comply verb
past tense and past participle complied present participle complying third person singular complies
[intransitive] formal
to do what you have to do or are asked to do 遵从，遵守
comply with
Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution. 无法遵守规定会导致被起诉。
The newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply. 几家联邦机构要求该报社提供援助，而该报社也同意提供。
compliance noun [uncountable] formal
when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand遵从，依从
in compliance with something
He changed his name to Lee in 1815 in compliance with his uncle’s will. 遵从他舅舅的遗嘱，他在1815年将名字变成了李。
compliance with
Patients should have a history of good compliance with treatment. 病人应该有遵守治疗的良好记录。
ensure/secure/enforce compliance
The staff involved should be monitored to ensure compliance with the policy. 我们应该监管相关员工，确保他们遵守这个规定。
compliant adjective
1 willing to obey or to agree to other people’s wishes and demands 愿意顺从的，听从的
For years I had tried to be a compliant and dutiful wife. 几年来，我努力做一名顺从和尽职尽职的妻子。
2 made or done according to particular rules or standards 符合规定或标准的
compliant with
Future versions will be fully compliant with the industry standard. 未来的版本将会完全遵循行业标准。
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each company structure?
Hierarchical organisation
Advantages: High level of control.
Disadvantages: Workers lack the authority and motivation to improve processes. Management’s response time is slow. Only suitable for stable business environments.
Entrepreneurial organisation
Advantages: Totally centralised authority and direct contact between owner and employees ensure responsiveness to external changes.
Disadvantages: Only suitable for small companies.
Information age organisation
Advantages: Allows speed of response within a large complex structure. Retain control but gives quick access to information. Employees can constantly refine their actions strategies. Organisational control is dynamic.
Disadvantages: Although IT makes all these advantages possible, it cannot motivate people to use the information they have.
3. Answer the following questions.
(1) Operating processes are concerned with how a company produces and sells its products and services. Management processes are concerned with how a company directs and controls these operations.
(2) Jobs are standardised and separated into sequential steps which are carried out under direct supervision.
(3) There is daily personal interaction between the owner and employees.
(4) Access to information alone cannot motivate people to use that information on behalf on the organisation. Orgainsiations need to ensure that the information is used by managers and employees to accomplish the same goals.
u Basic Business Knowledge: company structure
company
Co.
The London Trading Co.
Shell Co.
limited (Ltd)
The Beijing Electric Light Company, Ltd.
International Trading Co. Ltd.
Inc.=Incorporated
Oriental Horizons Inc
joint venture company
corporation
China national export Commodities packing Corporation
Corp. American Natural Resources Corp.
Branch = Office 分支机构
Headquarters=head office母公司--------- subsidiary 子公司
-based
based adjective
1 [not before noun] if you are based somewhere, that is the place where you work or where your main business is 工作地点位于
It is a professional service based at our offices in Oxford. 这是一项专业服务，提供地点为我们位于牛津地区的各个办事处。
London-based/New York-based etc
a London-based firm of accountants 一家办公地点位于伦敦的会计师事务所
2 oil-based/carbon-based/computer-based etc
used to describe the basic feature or part of something 以…为主要特点的
computer-based teaching 电化教育
community-based services 以社区为基础的服务
carbon-based fuels 以碳为主要原料的燃料
Division =section=department 部门
group 集团
plc=public limited company 上市公司
公司中的各个部门、职位的称呼：
Research and Development 研发部
Purchasing采购部: buys (purchases) supplies
Production (Manufacturing) 生产部
Production: manufactures (produces) the products
Packaging: packs the products and puts them in boxes and crates
Quality Control: checks the quality---organizes control systems to prevent mistakes.
Maintenance: services (takes care of) the machines and equipment.
Marketing: 市场开发部
Marketing: plans how to sell new products
Sales: sells the products to customers
After(Post)-Sales Services====Customer Service
is responsible for after after-sales care and looks after customers’ problems and complaints
Advertising: runs advertising campaigns and places ads in magazines
Public Relations 公共关系部
Distribution(Despatch)发货部
dispatches the products and sends them to the customers
Human Resources: 人力资源部 ( Personnel)
Training: organizes and arranges training courses for the staff
Personnel: recruits new employees
Wages and Salaries: pays the staff
Finance: 财务部
Accounting: working out the company’s costs and its profits
Customers’ Accounts: sends invoices to customers ( invoices customers)
Financial Services: deals with taxation, investment, and cash management.
Administration(Admin)行政部: in charge of the control and direction of affairs of the company
Reception: receiving visitors to a hotel or large organization
补充部门
Promotion: helping the selling of products
Transportation: carrying goods from one place to another
Warehousing: storing the company’s products
部门缩写
PR= public relations
HR=Human Resources
QC=Quality Control
R&D=Research and Development
Post room 收发室
Stationery Dept. 文具部
各种职位：
英国英语: Managing Director(MD) Board of Directors Chairman
美国英语: Chief executive Officer (CEO) President
accountant, book keeper, buyer (purchaser), clerk, secretary, temp, casual staff, price controller, quality controller, production supervisor, receptionist
sales manager/executive/assistant/agent/representative(rep)/coordinator
PA=Personal Assistant
Rep. = Representative
Flexible working
IV. Flexible working
What is Options 2000?
Options 2000 is a system of flexible working introduced by BT. A large proportion of office-based staff work from home with 24-hour access to BT’s intranet. These staff work in virtual project teams, only meeting when it is necessary.
2. Listen again and choose the correct answer for each item.
B A C C B C B B
(6)
backup noun
1 [countable] something that you can use to replace something that does not work or is lost 备用物品
Always have a backup plan. 总要有一份备用计划书。
a backup generator 备用发电机
2 [countable] a copy of a computer document, program etc, which is made in case the original becomes lost or damaged 备份
Make a backup of any work you do on the computer. 在电脑上完成的任何工作都要留备份。
3 [uncountable] people or things that can be used to provide support and help if they are needed 后备人员
a backup team 后备部队
4 [countable] American English someone who will play in a sports team if one of the other players is injured or ill 候补队员(美语)
ￚsynonym reserve
a backup goalie 候补守门员
back verb
▶SUPPORT◀ [transitive usually passive]
a) to support someone or something, especially by giving them money or using your influence 支持
The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region. 该方案被该地区的几家大公司支持。
Some suspected that the rebellion was backed and financed by the US.许多人都怀疑，这次起义活动是得到了美国的支持和资金上的帮助。
government-backed loans 由政府出资支持的贷款
b) also back up
to support an idea by providing facts, proof etc 支持
His claims are not backed by any scientific evidence. 他的说法没有得到任何科学证据支持。
▶MOVE BACKWARDS◀
[intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to move backwards, or make someone or something move backwards 倒退
I backed the car into the garage. 我把车倒回车库。
Words in the tapescript
Subsequent staff surveys showed that 96 per cent of our office-based staff wanted to work at home two or three days a week.
win-win [only before noun] a win-win situation, solution etc is one that will end well for everyone involved in it 双赢
It’s a win-win situation all around.
ￚwin-win noun [countable]
The agreement is a win-win for everyone. 这个协议对每个人来说是双赢。
preach verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to talk about a religious subject in a public place, especially in a church during a service讲道，传布(教旨等)
preach to
Christ began preaching to large crowds. 主教开始向广大群众布道。
He traveled the southern states, preaching the gospel .
2 [transitive] to talk about how good or important something is and try to persuade other people about this (认为正当或有价值而)鼓吹;倡导
Alexander has been preaching patience. 亚历山大倡导耐心。
preach the virtues/merits/benefits of something 倡导某事的美德/优点
a politician preaching the virtues of a free market一位政治家鼓吹自由市场的优点
3 [intransitive] to give someone advice, especially about their behaviour, in a way that they think is boring or annoying 不厌其烦地提建议
preach about
grown-ups preaching about the evils of drugs 成年人不厌其烦地宣传毒品的危害
practise what you preach
to do the things that you advise other people to do 实践你所倡导的事情
She didn’t always practise what she preached. 她没有身体力行她承诺的事情。
work from/at home (=do your work at home instead of at a company office)
10,000 out of 55,000 office-based staff
out of
(1) 从….出来, 来自
The keys must have fallen out of my pocket.钥匙从我的兜里掉了出来。
Get out of here! 给我从这滚出去!
Someone had torn several pages out of her diary. 有人从她的日记里撕下了几页。
I don’t think I’d have the courage to jump out of a plane. 我想我没有这个勇气从飞机上跳下去。
A lot of good music came out of the hippy culture in the 1960s. 有很多美妙的音乐是来自60年代的嬉皮文化。
The money is automatically taken out of your bank account every month. 这笔钱每个月会自动从你的银行账户中被提出。
(2) 失去, 没有, 无法
This whole situation is getting out of control. 整个局势已经失去了控制。
How long have you been out of work now? 你有多久没有工作了?
Karen waved until the car was out of sight (=too far away to be seen). …挥着手直到汽车从她的视线中消失。
We’re out of milk. 我们没有牛奶了。
The party has been out of office for a long time. 这个党已经在野很长时间了。
(3) 由于, 出于…原因
They obeyed him out of fear rather than respect. 他们听从他的命令是出于害怕而并非尊敬。
Just out of curiosity, why did you take that job? 我只是出于好奇，想问一下你为什么要从是这个工作?
(4) 由…制成
a tombstone carved out of black marble 一块从黑色大理石上雕刻出来的碑石
toy boats made out of old tin cans 由旧的锡罐做成的玩具船
(5) …总数中占…
Nine out of ten students pass the test first time. 有90%的学生是一次就通过了考试。
Apparently they’ve lost three games out of seven already. 他们已经输掉了七场比赛中的三场。
departmentalize verb also departmentalise British English [transitive]
to divide something into different departments 按部门划分
product life cycles
go off phrasal verb
▶LEAVE◀
to leave a place, especially in order to do something 离开某地去做某事
He went off in search of something to eat. 他离开去找寻能吃的东西.
John decided to go off on his own. 约翰决定自己离开。
go off to
He went off to work as usual. 他像往常一样去工作。
go off to do something
Geoff went off to play golf. ..离开去打高尔夫。
project-oriented culture
oriented adjective also orientated British English
giving a lot of time, effort, or attention to one particular thing 对…投入更多时间、努力、关注
A lot of the younger students don’t seem to be politically oriented at all. 许多年轻学生好像对政治一点也不关注了。
She’s very career orientated. 她真是个职业型妇女。
The country’s economy is export oriented. 这个国家的经济以出口为主。
teleworker noun [countable]
someone who works from home, and communicates with their employer, customers etc using a computer, telephone etc 用电讯方式在家上班的人
ￚteleworking noun [uncountable] 用电讯方式工作
intranet noun [countable] a computer network used for exchanging or seeing information within a company 内网
adapt verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation使适应;使适合
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. 孩子们觉得适应新学校很困难。
adapt yourself/itself etc (to something)
How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments? 这些昆虫是怎样适应新环境的?
2 [transitive] to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose 调整
adapt something to do something
The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. 这辆车被改装成一辆可以加装无铅汽油的车辆。
adapt something for somebody
These teaching materials can be adapted for older children. 这些教学资料可以改编后让大一些的孩子们使用。
3 [transitive usually passive] if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television programme etc改编
be adapted for something
Many children buy books after they have been adapted for television.这本书改编成电视剧之后有很多儿童纷纷购买此书。
stationery noun [uncountable]
1 paper for writing letters, usually with matching envelopes 信纸
a letter on hotel stationery 一封写在饭店上信纸的信
2 materials that you use for writing, such as paper, pens, pencils etc 文具的总称
补充知识：办公用品
a filing cabinet 文件柜, paper clip, printer paper, stapler, Sellotape, headed paper, photocopier, flip chart, calculator, laser/inkjet printer, slide projector, overhead projector (OHP), screen, video cassette recorder (VCR), digital video camera, desktop/lap-top computer, cassette (tape) recorder (player), board marker, answering machine, swivel chair, socket, remote control, lectern, remote control 遥控器
crash verb
▶CAR/PLANE ETC◀
[intransitive and transitive] to have an accident in a car, plane etc by violently hitting something else 相撞，失事
The jet crashed after take-off. 这架喷气式飞机在起飞后失事了。
crash into/onto etc
The plane crashed into a mountain. 这架飞机撞在了一座山上。
crash a car/bus/plane etc
He was drunk when he crashed the car. 他在撞车时已经是喝得酩酊大醉了。
▶COMPUTER◀
[intransitive and transitive] if a computer crashes, or if you crash the computer, it suddenly stops working 死机
The system crashed and I lost three hours’ worth of work. 系统死机了，我三个小时的工作全都白干了。
virtual adjective [only before noun]
1 very nearly a particular thing 真实的
Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country. 当你生活在这个国家，汽车真是一件必需品。
Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area. 找一处便宜的地方租住在这个地方真是不可能。
2 made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real world 虚拟的
The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery. 这个网站让你能在这家艺术馆里虚拟地转上一圈。
constructing virtual worlds 构建虚拟世界
circulate verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to move around within a system, or to make something do this流通
Swimming helps to get the blood circulating through the muscles. 游泳有助于血液在肌肉中的流通。
Ceiling fans circulated warm air around the room. 吊扇将屋子里的热空气传播开。
2 [intransitive] if information, facts, ideas etc circulate, they become known by many people传播;散布
Rumours began circulating that the Prime Minister was seriously ill. 有关总理病情严重的谣言开始散布开来。
u Useful thoughts
