3. 图画式作文的语言组织
作文的语言应长短句兼顾，句式变化多样，当然语法的正确性是必需的。如果实在掌握或控制不好语言，可以采用长短句按1∶3的比例或反之。句子写完后，也可自问一下是否用了分词结构，不定式，感叹句等多种句式。如没有，可适当调整句式。在组织语言中要特别注意连贯性，连贯性不仅从连词、语句的使用中体现出来，更重要的是语意的相互照应。考生要注意自己的作文中心是否与主题句紧密连接，例子是否直接支持主题，号召是否呼应了主题和例子，等等。
4. 图画式作文的描写
描写是再现客观事物，其目的是使人感受到具体的情况。考研作文中的描写应注意的问题：第一，围绕主题，描写最突出的特征和能够支持主旨的细节；第二，描写要按照一定的逻辑顺序进行（如时间、空间等）；第三，描写力求生动、形象、准确。如：
Waller，Texas，is a small town for all other forms of civilization. There is no movie theater，no bowling alley，and certainly no mall. This place doesnt even have a WalMart. Residents of Waller have all heard the saying： “There are only two things for kids to do in Waller，and one of them is drinking.” This may seem humorous at first，but，unfortunately，there is some truth to it.
描述是为一定中心服务的。本段通过描述Waller精神生活的缺乏引出文章中心：娱乐活动缺乏带来酗酒等社会问题。
（二）图表式作文
图表作文是通过提供的一组或几组数据来反映某个趋势或某一问题、现象。要求考生对图表中的相关数据进行描述、分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。它是将数据、形象信息转换为文字信息的过程。
图表作文要求的不是对图表的简单叙述，而是抓住图表所反映的主要问题。因为图表式作文所要讨论的现象和问题都隐含在数据里，所以考生常会感到比较难写。因此要想抓住主旨，就要分析图表中那些最有代表性、规律性的数字，或变化大的数字。它的写作误区是报流水账，对数据面面俱到，却不能指出图表所反映的中心，也不能利用数据进行有力的论证。
常见的图表类型有：①表格，它表示多种事物的相互关系；②曲线，它常表示事物的变化趋势；③柱状，它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系；④饼状，表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系。
表格和曲线作文的审题与其他类型的作文相比难度较大，主要表现在考生不易准确、全面地把握图表显示的信息。这类作文提供了大量数据，但题目往往要求少用所给数据，避免简单罗列数据。一般用一般现在时，如果图表提供了时间参数，则应采用相应的时态。
图表作文的写作步骤：①分析图表及说明性文字；②分析数字所反映的主旨，得出中心论点；③列提纲；④写作。
关于图表式作文的描述方法：
第一种情况：横向对比。描述这种图表需要对比各数据间的差别，主要以数值、倍数、排列等方式来描述。
常用句型：
①A department has the lowest sales figure in the three departments，followed by the B department and C department.
②The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B.
③The income from sales is 10 million，making the company the highest one in sales.
④The A’s income reaches 20 million，which is in the middle of the list.
第二种情况：纵向说明。只要指出不同单位之间的比较，描述如何增减，增减幅度如何，反映出什么问题，就可以了。描述这样的图表时，可用以下词汇和句型:
①The rise lasted for two weeks and then began to level off in June.
②The trend/increase slowed down in May.
③The trend of increasing working hours began to gain momentum in January. (开始走强)
④Prices went up by 50%， but the number of smokers maintained.
⑤It picked up speed at the end of this year.
常用词汇及表达法：increase，decrease，rise，fall，slow down，level off，pick up speed，maintain，drop，the trend reverses，decline，gain/lose momentum, a steady/ substantial（实质性的）increase，a minor/slight/dramatic drop。
第三种情况：纵向、横向均有的说明。这种图表不仅要注意同一事物的变化趋势，也要注意不同事物之间的差距及变化。
表示百分比常用句型：
①It accounts for 30% of the total population.
②There are 4 members with master’s degrees，making up nearly a quarter of the workforce.
③Doctors make up 40% of the staff in the hospital.
表示增长率的常用句型：
①The figure of income increased by about 200% as compared with ten years ago.
②The number of students has reached 200，indicating a rise of 4%，compared to last year.
Example：
The two bar charts indicate the annual emissions of CO2 per capita and populations of seven countries. Industrialized countries certainly contribute more to the CO2 levels in the atmosphere，with the US at the top —3.93 tons per capita per year. It is followed by Japan and the UK，with emissions of 3.32 tons and 2.15 tons respectively. Though these countries usually don’t have large populations，they consume disproportionately large quantities of natural resources and therefore are more blamed for global warming. Developing countries，on the other hand，usually have lower levels of emissions. China，for example，has the largest population in the list. Yet its emission of CO2 per capita is only 980 kg，being about a quarter of the emission level of the US. Another good example is Korea. Its population is the smallest in the list，so is its per capita emission of CO2
The charts show no correlation between emission levels of CO2 and the sizes of population.
本文比较了7个国家二氧化碳排放的变化幅度，及相互对比关系。
其它图表式作文的常用句型：
①The curves show__in a certain year.
②It can be seen that__(sth)fluctuates quite substantially in this year.
③It just increases slightly.
④The pie charts show the changes__in some place in 1999
⑤It can be seen from the chart that the proportions of A and B are going down, though the falling level of the latter is a lot higher/lower than that of the former.
⑥The expansion is more noticeable during the second half of the 8--year period.
⑦It falls from 30% of the staff in 1990 to 20% in 1998 and then the trend reverses， finishing at 34% in 2000.
⑧And A is higher than B except for the months June to September.__drops dramatically from about__in January to__in June.
⑨The falling trend levels off from__to__，__(sth) goes all the way up to__and then it begins to drop to.
（三）提纲式命题作文
提纲式作文既有论说文，也有议论文。它主要考查的内容为：说明主题，分析原因或解释做法。例如：1995年的试题“希望工程”中提纲的要求是：(1) Present situation. (2) Necessity of the project. (3)My suggestion.它要求考生解释说明“希望工程”，分析开展希望工程的意义和原因，联系考生自己提出一些建议或具体的做法。从提纲的要求上看，提纲式命题作文对联系社会的要求不是很多，写作难度也相对较小。它要求考生在正确理解题意的基础上，根据提纲去选择素材。提纲提供了每段的段落大意，在开展论述时不能偏离提纲或改变内容。提纲一般为三部分，考生应针对提纲采用三段的结构来开展文章。如：
Nowadays，China’s economy is fast developing. People’s living standard has improved a lot. In some areas，however，there are still many people living below the poverty line. They have difficulties for the very basics like food and clothes，let alone getting good education. What can we do to help these less developed areas in our country? I think we can do the following things.
First of all，the government and our society must pay more attention to these less developed areas. The government should spend more money on the basic construction projects in these areas instead of spending it on cultural and artistic projects in cities. It should also encourage some private enterprises and companies to donate to these poor areas.
Secondly，transportation is very important in less developed areas. We should help them build more railways and more roads so that the local people can benefit from the convenient transportation. It can also promote their communication with developed areas.
Finally，technology is necessary in developing economy in these areas. Poor farmers should be taught technology and new skills and should have easier access to money in the bank，such as getting loans to start businesses.
All in all，so long as we continue our efforts to help these less developed areas，these areas will shake off poverty sooner or later.
再如：
Directions：
Write an article to an English newspaper discussing laid-off workers and re-employment in China. In your article you should
(1) describe briefly the present situation of unemployment，
(2) analyze the causes of it，
(3) give advice for re-employment.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
范文：
There is an increasing number of workers，not only the middle-aged but also the young who are laid off from their jobs. Some laid-offs thus become poverty-stricken and can hardly support their children to continue their studies. And those employed are also worried a great deal that someday they may lose their jobs. This phenomenon has caught great attention in society. In order to maintain social stability，many re-employment service centers are being set up to give the laid-offs a helping hand.
The increasing number of laid-off workers is caused mainly by the industrial restructuring and economic development across the country. In market economy，the enterprises have to reduce workforce or the redundant. Another reason is that some enterprises claim bankruptcy owing to their poor management and backward product structure，which made millions of workers jobless. Laborers from the countryside are also contributing to the increasing numbers of the laid-offs.
Off-job doesn’t mean no job. There are plenty of opportunities for the laid-off workers to be re-employed. Take Shanghai for example，the city is developing into an international economic center，shifting its old labor intensive industries out of the city and replacing them with new enterprises. But there is a fundamental requirement for the laid-offs if they want to be enrolled in these new posts. They must have certain skills. To many laid-off workers，they have to get job training to make themselves qualified and competitive in the human resources market.
