第二讲
考研英语写作程序和常见题型
一、 考研英语写作程序
由于时间的限制及题型的要求，考生必须遵循一定的写作程序并且合理地分配时间，以
便从容地完成较高水平的写作。下面的考研英语写作程序及时间分配，供考生参考并灵活地
加以运用。
1.审题过程(2-3分钟)
所谓"审题"，就是仔细地研究、理解题目，即根据题目所提供的条件和要求，来确定
文章的内容、体裁和写法。这一过程直接关系到写作的成败，即是否"切题"。审题应该包
含下列四个方面：
1)审文体
文体是对文章的一种规格要求，不同的文体，在写作上有不同的规格要求。命题作文一
般采用议论文文体；规定情景作文通常以描写文、叙述文为主；图表作文通常采用说明文；
然而，段首句作文，应视具体内容而定。
2)审内容
了解题目在内容方面的要求决定写什么，这是审题的关键。
3)审材料
审查考题在选材范围方面的要求，考题对材料有特定的限制，故考生应在题目限制的范
围内选取材料。
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简言之，选材的一般要点包含：
①选择真实的材料；
②选择典型的材料；
③选择鲜活的材料；
④选择最能展现主题的材料。
4)审要求
审查考题在格式、字数、时间、内容等诸多方面的具体要求。
总之，如果审题不当，文章跑题；审题不周，文不切题；审题不全，遗漏重点。因此，
考生一定要严把审题关。
2.构思过程(5-7分钟)
一旦确定了主题，就开始构思选材。选材的思路围绕题目、提示、数据、图形和所给的
提纲来进行。考生应从自己所熟悉的素材中筛选出最能表达和说明主题的内容，思路要灵活，
想象要丰富，同时要有创新，避免落入写作俗套。在此基础上，草拟出作文提纲，提纲要简
明扼要，能抓住段落主题。同时，考生对文章段落展开的方法、过渡句和句型等也要有所考
虑。
从历年考研英语写作试题来分析，写作题目大多已给出了基本的提纲或相应的要求。在
这种情况下，考生可将给出的提纲扩展成相应的主题句，这样便迅速地拟出了一个详细且完
整的写作提纲。
拟出带有主题句的具体提纲，才能围绕主题句构思出要写的内容，选出展现主题的最佳
素材，形成一条清楚的写作主线，然后根据主线具体地提出和回答what, who, when, how, why
等一系列考题规定的问题。
3.下笔创作过程(20-25分钟)
下笔创作过程即段落的展开，考生要用贴切的词与句将自己的所思所想所感一层层地明
确表达出来。
考生要注意以下几点：
1)段落应有段落的主题，并且段落中所涉及的内容都是为文章主题服务的。
2)写初稿时要一气呵成，尽量不使用自己没有把握的词语或句型。
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3)在下笔创作的过程中可以适当修改提纲，注意不要脱离主题。
4)注意利用过渡词和过渡句使句子和段落结构严谨连贯，也使内容更易于展开。
4.检查与修改过程(3-5分钟)
初稿一定存在着某些不妥之处，故需要最后订正。
首先检查内容是否切题，论点是否明确，论据是否充分，结论是否合理，然后检查语法
是否正确，语句是否通顺，用词是否贴切，数字是否准确，表达是否恰当，拼写是否正确，
标点是否得当等等。
二、考研英语写作常见题型
如果考生想在较短的时间内对考研英语写作有所认识、有所突破，首先应该了解考研英
语写作常见题型，并弄懂各种题型的写作技巧，然后进行有针对性的练习，并且研读相关范
文。考研英语写作中的常见题型如下：
1.提纲题型写作
1)写作要点
①认真研究所给提纲
考生要注意领会提纲的含义，不要遗漏提纲要点或错误理解提纲的意思。
②确定各段的主题句
考生应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句，合格的主题句应具备以下四个要点：
?意义完整主题句结构要完整，即结构符合语法规则；意义要完整，即主题句是一个符
合逻辑的完整命题。
?表意清晰主题句要清晰明确，不使用意思含混的词或句子。
?内容具体主题句的内容要明确具体，否则不利于段落的拓展。
?用词贴切主题句一定要用词准确，简明达意，使段落的拓展有一个良好的基础。
③逐步展开段落
段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行，在写作过程中可稍加调整。
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④检查与修改
检查考题所给提纲是否准确且完整地被表达于文章之中，如有偏差，应作出相应的修改。
2)提纲题型写作试题实例①写作题目Title: THE"PROJECT HOPE"Outline:
1. Present situation
2. Necessity of the project
3. My suggestion
②参考范文：
Education plays a very significant role in the modernization of our country.
There are, however, still a large number of school-agers in remote and isolated rural
areas who can't afford to go to school because of their financial predicament. This
is a very serious problem which needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Thus, the
Chinese authorities have worked out a plan to assist them financially, which is
called"Project Hope".
This project, I do believe, is of most importance and necessity. To begin with,
as a developing country, China is unlikely to inject a huge amount of money in
education at present. So education has to turn to the general public to find its
way out. Secondly, with the financial assistance of the general public, many of the
poor children who have dropped out of school can go back to go on with their schooling.
This will, in turn, contribute a great deal to the expansion of the rural economy
in our remote and isolated rural areas. Apparently, the Project Hope is of profound
significance for the modernization of our country.
As for me, a university student, my suggestions are as follows. In the first
place, our government should encourage more of the public in cities to finance the
project. In addition, it is most necessary to set up a special foundation to receive
the contributions donated by the public at home and abroad. Last but not least, those
in charge of the project are supposed to make sure that the money is directly sent
to the families whose children have dropped out of school. In short, I am convinced
that the project will be fruitful and successful in the long run. (284 words)
2.图画题型写作
图画题型写作是较难的题型之一，近两年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，故考生应该
认真对待。面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。
1)图画题型写作要点
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①详细查看图画。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物(人与
物)的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图
画所传达的信息。
②如果图画以系列形式(既两幅以上)出现，考生除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对
图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。
③面对图画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图
画的所思所想所感。
④注意图画题型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些
写作要点。
⑤草拟提纲，合理组织材料。根据图画内容的不同采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面
内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用"开头——扩展——结尾"
的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成
各段落的写作，这是采用"主题句——扩展句——总结句"的写作方式。
⑥系统且突出地展开段落。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题
句进行。
⑦检查与修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完
整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，考生
应对文章做出相应修订。
2)图画题型写作试题实例
①写作题目
Writing: (提纲漫画式作文）
Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40
minutes. Your essay must meet the requirements below.
Show your understanding of the meaning of the picture below
State the harmful effects of fake and inferior products
Suggest ways to fight against fake and inferior products
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②参考范文
正如所给的图画所描绘的, 我国社会主义市场经济正在迅速发展, 就像一辆高速行驶
的卡车。但是公众惊讶地发现, 越来越多的假冒伪劣产品严重地阻碍了我国市场经济的发
展。消费者必须经常谨慎地去购买他们所需的货物或服务, 否则他们会落入制假人所设的陷
阱。
毫无疑问, 假冒伪劣产品极其有害。首先, 它们危害人民的健康, 引发了许多伤害事
故。例如，伪劣药品不仅使病人的病情恶化, 而且往往会威胁病人的生命, 更糟的是, 导致
病人的死亡。其次, 假冒伪劣产品本.文,来.源,于.贵,州.学,习.网,www.gzu521.com 通常廉价出售。在许多情况下, 它们又干扰了我国正常的
经济秩序, 影响了许多高质量产品的销路。这在很大程度上阻碍了我国社会主义市场经济的
健康发展, 并损害了我们国家的利益。 因此, 我们可以说, 假冒伪劣产品是我们健康经济
中的一颗"毒瘤", 对此必须尽快清除。
依我看, 必须采取若干措施来与假冒伪劣产品斗争。一方面, 制假者应该依法严惩。
另一方面, 由于市场的日益复杂化消费者常会遇到欺诈行为。虽然有法律保护消费者，但是
没有足够数量的执法者来处理市场的全部流弊。所以，消费者应该学会识别真假。只有这样,
消费者才能维护他们的合法权益。
But the general public is surprised to find that there are more and more fake and
inferior products seriously hampering the expansion of our market economy. Consumers
have to be very careful in purchasing goods and services they need; otherwise they
will fall into the traps set by the illegal manufacturers.
In the first place, they endanger people's health, giving rise to a lot of injury
accidents. For instance, inferior-quality medicines not only aggravate a patient's
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condition, but also tend to threaten his life and, what's worse, to result in his
death. Secondly, fake and inferior products are usually sold on the cheap. In many
cases they interfere with the normal economic order in our country, affecting the
marketing of many high-quality goods. This, in a great degree, hinders the
development of our socialist market economy and harms the interests of our state.
Therefore, we can say that fake and inferior products are a dangerous "tumor" in
our healthy economy, which must be cut away as soon as possible.
On the one hand, those who make them
deserve to be severely punished by the law. On the other hand, due to the growing
complexity of the market, consumers are often faced with deceptive practices.
Although there are laws designed to protect consumers, there is not a sufficient
number of law enforcers to cover all the abuses of the marketplace. Hence, consumers
should learn to discern between true and false.
3.表格和图表题型写作
。(303 words)
目前，表格和图表题型是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写
作题型，故考生应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。
1)表格和图表题型写作要点
①考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的
变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。
②考生应该仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性，最核
心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。考生应切忌简单地罗列图表
所给出的信息。
③表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，考生则
应对时态进行相应的调整。
④表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表达法，考生应对此融会贯通。
⑤表格和图表题型可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。除了上述共同要点，考
生还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。
表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。
曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横
轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。
柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展
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趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。
圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传
达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百
分比的数字形式给出的。
⑥列出各段的主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的
展开铺平道路。
⑦严格围绕主题句展开段落。
⑧检查与修改。表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图
表所显示的信息一致。
2)表格和图表题型的核心句型
3)表格和图表题型写作试题实例
①写作题目
Directions: Study the following pie chart carefully and write an essay entitled
"Investment in Beijing from Different Countries and Regions".
Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the pie chart,
2. State the possible benefits brought by outside investment,
3. Suggest measures helping to attract investment from outside.
Hong Kong -- 44%
Japan -- 19.2%
U.S.A. -- 16%
Other 23 countries and regions -- 21.8%
44%
21.8%
19.2%
16%
②参考范文
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自从 1979 年中国对外开放以来，北京在吸引外企投资合资企业方面已取得了显著成绩。
根据图示，不同企业的投资者来自 26 个国家和地区。香港的投资额居第一位，占总额的 44%。
日本占 19.2%, 居第二位。美国为第三，占 16%。
普遍认为，北京从外部投资中受益匪浅。首先，大量合资企业已经建立，这就大大促进
了"首都经济"的发展。其次，外资企业为北京市民提供了许多就业机会。这又缓解了北京
的下岗工人问题。最后，由于北京和沿海开放城市一样享有许多优惠政策，所以高科技产业
在首都发展迅猛。
至于吸引外资的措施，有如下几点。一方面，我们应该专门努力来改善投资环境, 以便
越来越多的外资能流入北京。另一方面，我们应该抓住机遇把目前的外资企业尽可能办好。
我深信，随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，北京将吸引大量外资。
Since China opened its door to the outside world in 1979, Beijing has made
remarkable results in attracting foreign business to invest in joint ventures.
According to the pie chart, the investors in different enterprises come from 26
countries and regions. The investment of Hong Kong ranks first, accounting for 44
per cent of the total. Japan's investment makes up 19.2 per cent, putting it in
second spot. Third is the United States at 16 per cent.
It is generally believed that Beijing benefits a lot from the outside investment.
In the first place, a large number of joint ventures have been set up, which
contributes greatly to the development of Capital Economy. Secondly, the
foreign-invested enterprises offer a lot of jobs to the residents in Beijing. This
in turn relieves the problem of laid-off workers in the city. Finally, the high-tech
enterprises in the capital will grow rapidly as Beijing enjoys the same preferential
policies as coastal cities open to the outside world.
As far as the measures to attract outside investment are concerned, they are
as follows. On the one hand, we should make special efforts to improve the investment
environment so that an increasing amount of foreign capital can stream into Beijing.
On the other hand, we should take advantage of this opportunity to run the present
foreign-invested enterprises as efficiently as possible. I am convinced that with
the reform and opening up policy being implemented, Beijing will be a great
attraction for foreign investment. (247 words)
4.情景题型写作
1)情景题型写作要点
情景题型写作没有具体题目，仅仅规定一定的情景，这是一种指导性较强的写作题型，
考生千万不要脱离情景，而应严格依照题目所规定的情景构思短文。特别注意以下几点：
①情景式写作要求考生在题目规定的情景内展开构思，组织内容。
②仔细审题。考生应明确题目所提供的情景，是论证还是说明，是叙事还是写景。
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③确定段落与主题句。各段的主题句使文章有条有理，同时也使考生对自己所要表达的
内容有更具体的把握。
④平稳地展开段落。主题句一经确定，考生便可以围绕主题句，展开段落，完成全文的
写作。段落的展开应该建立在段落情景基础之上，每段的重点都应集中于描述情景规定内容。
⑤考生的每一词每一句应紧扣情景，突出重点，前后连贯，表达清楚，符合逻辑。
⑥明确题型种类。情景写作可根据内容写成不同文体，如记叙文、论说文、书信报告等，
故考生应该注意灵活运用相应文体的写作方法与技巧。
⑦认真检查与修改。考生应重点检查是否完全准确地包含了情景所要求的各方面内容，
是否有与情景相悖或不相关的内容。
2)情景题型写作实例
①考试题目：
Some people hold onto the idea that money and property offer more opportunities
for success in our society; others think that education provide more opportunities
for success in our society. Present your perspective on the issue, using relevant
reasons and/or examples to support your views.
②参考范文：
Which factor offers more opportunities for success in our society: education
or money and property? In my view, education has replaced money and property as the
main provider of such opportunities today. I base my view on two reasons. First,
education—particularly higher education—used to be amiable only to the wealthy
but now is accessible to almost anyone.
Second, because of the civil-rights movement and resulting laws, businesses are
now required to hire on the basis of merit rather than the kinds of personal relations
traditionally common among the wealthy.
Education always plays a key role in determining one's opportunities for
success. But in the past, good post-secondary education was available mainly to the
privileged classes.
Because money and property largely determined one's access to higher education,
money and property really were the critical factors in opening doors to success.
However, higher education is more egalitarian today. Given our vast numbers of state
universities and financial-aid programs, virtually anyone who meets entrance
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requirements for college can obtain an excellent college education and open up
windows of opportunity in life. Another reason those opportunities will be open to
educated young people from middle-class and poorer backgrounds is that hiring is
more merit-oriented today than ever before. In principle, at least, our country has
always been a societyswheresall people are equal: yet in the past, children of the
wealthy and well-connected could expect to obtain higher-status jobs and to receive
better pay. But the laws and programs resulting from our civil-rights struggles have
produced a modern business climate in which jobs are available on an
equal-opportunity basis, and in which candidates have a legal right to be judged
on the merit of their educational background and experience. In conclusion,
education is probably the main factor in opening doors to success for young people
in our society. The fact that education has supplanted money and property in this
role is attributable to a more egalitarian system of higher education, as well as
to more merit-based hiring practices that generally value individual education over
family fortune or relation. (347 words)
5.摘要题型写作
摘要题型写作是难度非常大的一种写作形式。随着考生英语水平的不断提高，这种题型
引起考生的普遍重视。
1)摘要题型写作要点：
①动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。
②摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。
③在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文。
④摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。
⑤重点反映主要观点，删除细节。
⑥简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。
⑦检查与修改时，考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。
2)摘要题型写作实例
①试题题目
Directions:
Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
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We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive
attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some
of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about
personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed
company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale
does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and
discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking
about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films
and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are
very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very
center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one's own self, the only reality
in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable,
unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our
predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to
think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now
to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we
just become, next year, say, a bit smarter. (246 words)
②原文要点：
1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors
2. avoid talking about death
3. talk about death when millions of people die
4. become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and
the death rates are almost equal
5. people's fearfulness
6. seem to control nature
7. avoid death
③参考摘要：
People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors
still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million
upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die
each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking
that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much.
However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84
27
words)
6.书信题型写作
书信题型写作是常见的功能性写作形式，考生应该对书信写作的具体细节有整体的把
握。
1)书信写作要点：
①日期
写信人应将写信日期(年、月、日)放在书信正文的右上角，如Jan. 20th , 2004。
②称呼
称呼是写信人对收信人的称谓，称呼可以根据收信人的性别、职务、婚姻状况、姓名等
个人信息来写，如：Mr. Williams, Mrs. Bush, Professor Li, Dr. Smith, Dear Mum and
Dad。如果写信人不清楚收信人的具体姓名、职务等情况，可以写：Dear Sir or Madam、To
whom it may concern。
③正文
正文是书信的主要部分，在称呼下方隔一或两行处开始。考生写正文时，要分层次进行。
书信正文通常由引言、展开段和结尾三个层次组成。
?引言引言表明写信人的写信目的和写信背景，一般仅限于一段，一两句话即可。
?展开段展开段内容应详实、具体。可以分为若干段来写，每一段围绕一个主题进行展
开。
?结尾结尾部分通常比引言部分短，使用一两句话表达一下希望或祝愿。
④结束语
结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称，写在正文下面二至三行处。公务等较正式的信件多采
用Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours faithfully, Yours truly等；私人信件，
多采用Yours, With love, Yours affectionately等。
⑤签名
签名应写在结束语的下面。
2)书信题型写作实例
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①试题题目：
Directions:
A. Write a job application letter of about 200 words
B. Your letter should cover these three points:
1. apply for the position of production coordinator
2. describe your education background
3. state your relevant working experience
②参考范文：
Dear Sir,
I am responding to your ad in the June 20th, 2003, issue of the Sunday Talent
Journal for the position of production coordinator. I feel that my background in
electronics and manufacturing will fit in well at your printed circuit board
manufacturing facility.
I will graduate from the Beijing Science & Technology University in June with
a Bachelor of Science degree in Manufacturing Engineering. I have had extensive
training on computers while at school. In my Production and Inventory class, I
learned about computerized production and material scheduling in a job shop
environment. While working for the Ministry of Energy and Transportation, I wrote
a program to control the flow of equipment being checked out from the electronics
lab.
As shown in my resume, I have also repaired and installed fire alarm, security,
and patient-signal systems when I worked at Johnson Controls. Most of the time I
faced construction deadlines so I know what it is like to work under pressure. My
duties as the supervisor for the electronics lab involved assigning jobs,
coordinating schedules, training new employees, and working with the department
chairman when needed.
I am looking forward to hearing from you. Would you please call me to set up
an interview? I can be reached at my resume address or by phoning (010) 2357-7980
after 4 p.m.
Sincerely,
Li Ming
