(e) women's choice of occupation is irrelevant since they have always made less money than men and are likely to continue to do so
19.which one of the following statements is the best completion of the last paragraph of the passage?
(a) wage differentials will become more exaggerated and economic parity between men and women less and less possible.
(b) finally，women will be automatically placed in the same salary range as unskilled laborers.
(c) the question is，how long will women allow themselves to be excluded from male-dominated occupations?
(d) in the last analysis，women may need to ask themselves if they can really afford to allow sex discrimination to continue.
(e) unless society changes its views，women may never escape the confines of the few occupations designated 'for women only'
20.the author's attitude toward sex discrmination as an explanation for wage differentials can best be characterized as an explanation for wage differentials can best be characterized as differentials can best be characterized as
(a) critical of society's acceptance of discrimination
(b) skeptical that discrimination is a factor
(c) convinced that the problem will get worse
(d) neutral with respect to its validity
(e) frustrated by the intractability of the problem
the starting point for any analysis of insurance classification is an obvious but fundamental fact insurance is only one of a number of ways of satisfying the demand for
(5) protection against risk with few exceptions，insurance need not be purchased;people can forgo it if insurance is too expensive indeed，as the price of coverage rises，the amount purchased and the number of people.
(10)purchasing will decline.instead of buying insurance，people will self-insure by accumulating saving to serve as a cushion in the event of loss，self-protect by spending more on loss protection，or simply use the
(15)money not spent on insurance to purchase other goods and services an insurer must compete against these alternatives.，even in the absence of competition from other insurers.one method of competing for protection
(20)dollars is to classify potential purchasers into groups according to their probability of loss and the potential magnitude of losses if they occur.different risk classes may then be charged different premiums，depending on
(25)this expected loss.were it not for the need to compete for protection dollars，an insurer could simply charge each individual an insurer could simply charge each individual a premium based on the average expected loss of all its insureds (plus a margin for profit and
(30)expenses)，without incurring classification costs.in constructing risk classes，the insurer's goal is to calculate the expected loss of each insured，and to place insureds，with similar expected losses into the same.
(35)class，in order to charge each the same rate.an insurer can capture protection dollars by classifying because，through classification，it can offer low-risk individuals lower prices.classification，however，involves two costs.
(40)first，the process of classification is costly.insurers must gather data and perform statistical operations on it;marketing may also be more costly when prices are not uniform.second，classification necessarily
(45)rauses premiums for poor risks，who purchase less coverage as a result.in the aggregate，classification is thus worthwhile to an insurer only when the gains produced from extra sales and fewer pry-outs outweigh
(50)classificaton costs plus the costs of lost sales.even in the absence of competition from other insurers，an insurer who engages in at least some classification is likely to capture more protection dollars than it loses.
(55) when there is not only competition for available protection dollars，but competition among insurers for premium dollars，the value of risk classification to insurers becomes even clearer.the more refined (and accurate) an
(60)insurer's risk classifications，the more capable it is of 'skimming' good risks away from insurers whose classifications are less refined.if other insurers do not respond，either by refining their own classifications or
(65)by raising prices and catering mainly to high risks，their 'book' of risks will contain a higher mixture of poor risks who are still being charged premiums calculated for average risks these insurers will attract
(70)additional poor risks，and this resulting adverse selection will further disadvantage their competitive positions.
21.which one of the following best identifies the main topic of the passage?
(a) reduction of competition in the insurance business
(b) classification of potential insurance purchasers
(c) risk avoidance in insurance sales
(d) insurance protection and premiums
(e) methods of insurance classifying
22.the passage mentions all of the following as possible or certain costs of classifying except the cost of
(a) collecting facts
(b) conducting statistical analyses
(c) selling insurance at different prices
(d) a decrease in purchases by poor risks
(e) larger，albeit fewer，claims
23.which one of the following is closest to the author's expressed position on competition in the insurance business?
(a) it has a significant influence on most aspects of the insurance industry.
(b) it is a relevant factor，but it has little practical consequence.
(c) it is a basic but not very apparent element of the insurance business.
(d) it provides a strong incentive for insurers to classify potential customers.
(e) it is influential in insurance marketing practices.
24.the passage suggests that if all insurers classified risk，who among the following would be adversely affected?
(a) all insurance purchasers
(b) insurance purchasers who would be classified as poor risks
(c) individuals who self-insured or self protected
(d) insurers who had a high proportion of good risks in their 'book' of risks
(e) insurers with the most refined risk classifications
25.given the discussion in the first paragraph，what is the distinction，if any，between 'insurance' and 'self-protection'?
(a) there is very little or no distinction between the two terms.
(b) insurance is a kind of self-protection.
(c) self-protection is a kind of insurance.
(d) insurance and self-protection are two of several alternative means to a specific end
(e) insurance and self-protection are the only two alternative means to a specific end.
26.which one of the following is most closely analogous to the process of classification in insurance，as it is described in the passage?
(a) devising a profile of successful employees and hiring on the basis of the profile
(b) investigating the fuel efficiency of a make of automobile and deciding whether or not to buy on that basis
(c) assessing an investor's willingness to take risks before suggesting a specific investment
(d) making price comparisons on potential major purchases and then seeking discounts from competing dealers
(e) comparing prices for numerous minor nims and the selecting one store for future purchases
答案：b d e a a c c a b d b a d d b b b e e a b d a d e a
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