(20)and the states of the united states mentioned first are alike in having populations with relatively long spans of life.english women at the time the study was made were living an average of twelve years longer than
(25)japanese women.professor helen m.walker has worked out an amusing illustration of the folly in assuming there must be cause and effect whenever two things vary together.in investigating the
(30)relationship between age and some physical characteristics of women，begin by measuring the angle of the feet in walking.you will find that the angle tends to be greater among older women.you might first consider whether
(35)this indicates that women grow older because they toe out，and you can see immediately that this is ridiculous.so it appears that age increases the angle between the feet，and most women must come to toe out more
(40)as they grow older.
any such conclusion is probably false and certainly unwarranted.you could only reach it legitimately by studying the same women-or possibly equivalent groups-over a period of
(45)time.that would eliminate the factor responsible here，which is that the older women grew up at a time when a young lady was taught to toe out in walking，while the members of the younger group were
(50)learning posture in a day when that was discouraged.
when you find somebody-usually an interested party-making a fuss about a correlation，look first of all to see if it is not (55) one of this type，produced by the stream of events，the trend of the times.in our time it is easy to show a positive correlation between any pair of things like these：number of students in college，number of inmates
(60)in mental institutions，consumption of cigarettes，incidence of heart disease，use of x-ray machines，production of false teeth，salaries of california school teachers，profits of nevada gambling halls.to call some one
(65)of these the cause of some other is manifestly silly.but it is done every day.
8.the author's conclusion about the relationship between age and the ways women walk indicates he believes that
(a) toeing out is associated with aging
(b) toeing out is fashionable with the younger generation
(c) toeing out was fashionable for an older generation
(d) studying equivalent groups proves that toeing out increases with age
(e) studying the same women over a period of time proves that toeing out increases with age.
9.the author describes the posited relationship between toeing out and age (lines 29-40) in order to
(a) illustrate a folly
(b) show how social attitudes toward posture change
(c) explain the effects of aging
(d) illustrate a medical problem
(e) offer a method to determine a woman's age from her footprints.
10.given the author's statements in the passage，his advice for evaluating statistics that show a high positive correlation between two conditions could include all the following statements except
(a) look for an explanation in the stream of events
(b) consider some trend of the times as the possible cause of both conditions
(c) account for the correlations in some way other than causality
(d) determine which of the two conditions is the cause and which is the effect
(e) decide whether the conclusions have been readched legitimately and the appropriate groupings have been made.
11.assume that there is a high statistical correiation between college attendanceand individual earnings.given this，the author would most probably agree with which one of the following statements about the cause-effect relationship between college attendance and income?
(a) someone's potential earnings may be affected by other variables，like wealth or intelligence，that are also associated with college attendance.
(b) someone who attends graduate school will be rich.
(c) someone who attends graduate school will earn more money than someone who does not.
(d) someone who attends college will earn more money than someone who does not attend college.
(e) some who attends college will earn more money only because she does attend college.
12.according to the author professor walker beheves that
(a) women who toe out age more rapidly than women who do not
(b) most woment toe out as they grow older because age increases the angle between the feet.
(c) older women tend to walk with a greater angle between the feet
(d) toeing out is the reason why women grow old
(e) a causal relationship must exist whenever two things vary together
13.the author would reject all the following statements about cause-effect relationships as explanations for the statistics that show an increase in cancer rates except that the
