Ⅰ. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中,通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。也可用于疑问句,但不表真心的疑问,而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。如:
① I’ve seen the film already.
② The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。
③ Have you already had breakfast? 难道你已经吃过早餐了?
Ⅱ. yet adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句,且常常置于句末。如:
① He hasn’t found his bike yet他还没有找到他的自行车。
Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、还”可用于各种句中,且一般只用于句中。如:
① Do you still teach in that school? 你还在那所学校教书?
[注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意义也不同。如:
① He is still(还)standing there.
② He is standing there still(adj.不动的、静止的)他站在那儿一动也不动。
§27 also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also较正式,位置通常靠近动词,用于句中;且用于肯定句中。如:
① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。
② I was also there.我也在那儿。
Ⅱ. too 多用于口语,通常置于句末,前边须用逗号隔开,也可用于句中,且前后均须用逗号隔开,;用于肯定句中。如:
① He is a worker, too.
② The two cows, too, are white.那两头奶牛也全都是白的。
Ⅲ. as well 是副词短语,多用于口语,只用于句末。如:
① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.她不但教过我们英语,还教过我们数学。
② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教师,也是一位作家。
Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中,常置于句末。在肯定句变否定句时,其中的also, too, as well都要改为either.
① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either .昨天我没有看电视,也没有看电影。
§28 for / from / since
Ⅰ. 三者都能用来表示时间,但用法不同。
since “自从”,所表示的是一个时间点。可用作介词,也可用作连词,后接时间名词或短语,或引导时间状语从句;要求前面的谓语动词或主句的谓语动词必须用完成时态,要用延续性动词。而since引导的从句中的谓语动词通常应是短暂性的动词。若接时间,则应为点时间。如:
① He has worked there since1989.
② She has lived here since she moved here.
Ⅱ. from “自从” 只用作介词,表一个事情的开始点,可用于过去、现在或将来的时态。如:
① They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.
② We have been good friends from childhood.
Ⅲ. for 作为介词,后面接段时间,用于完成时、现在时、过去时和将来时,句中要用延续性动词。如:
① We’ll stay here for ten minutes.我们将在这儿呆10分钟。
② They have studied English for three yeas.
§29 although/ though
Ⅰ. although conj. “尽管、虽然”引导让步状语从句,相当于 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用于句首。though 用于非正式文体中,较普遍,但以下几种用法,不能用although. 如:
① 表强调时,要用even though,如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一字不识,我还是一直微笑着。
②. Though可用在倒装句中,如:
Young though he is, he is quite experienced. 他虽然年轻,但很有经验。
③ though 可作副词,表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如:He said he would come, he didn’t though.他说他要来,结果他却没来。
[此外],although不用着副词。在英语中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet 或still; 反之,如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如:
① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard. 虽然他身体不好,但他工作仍努力。
②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.虽然天气很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。
③ He is quite strong, although very old. 他虽然很老了,但还是十分健壮。
Ⅱ. though 常用作连词,“虽然”。在口语中还用着副词,一般放在句末,意为“可是、然而”等。如:
① He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold. 天气虽很冷,他却还没生火。
② Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还是继续工作。
③ He said he would come, he didn’t, though. 他说他来,可是结果他没有来。
§30 always / yet
Ⅰ. always “总是;一直”常与一般现在时连用。有时也与进行时连用, 但并不强调动作正在进行,而是表示“赞叹、厌烦、不满”等情绪。常用于肯定句中,放在“三类词”(情态动词、助动词、系动词本书称为“三类词”)之后,行为动词之前。如:
① We always get up before six o’clock. 我们总是六点前起床。
② He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。
Ⅱ. yet. “仍然;还”常与not连用。用于否定结构中。如:
①He hasn’t finished the work yet. 他还没完成这项工作。