学习中应注意的问题(一)
1)先行词为表示时间或地点的名词在从句中作主语或宾语时关系词的使用。当先行词为表示时间或地点的名词时，在从句中作主语或宾语时，应使用代词which或that，不能用副词when或where.
①a：I'll never forget the days which/that I spent in the country.(which作spent的宾语)
b：I'll never forget the days when I worked in the country.(when代替in the days作状语)
②a：They came to the small village，which was hundreds of miles from the city.(which在从句中作主语)
他们来到这个小村，小村与城市相距几百英里。
b：They came to the small village，where not more than l00 villagers lived.(where代替in the village作状语)他们来到这个小村庄，那里的村民不超过一百人。
2)the time，the way等为先行词时关系词的使用。
(1)先行词为time/moment等表示时间的名词时，用关系词when，that均可，且可省略。
例：By the time (when/that) they arrived，the house had been destroyed completely.等他们到达时，房子已完全烧毁了。
(2)the way用作先行词，关系代词作介词in的宾语时，通常介词与关系代词可以同时省略;如不使用"in"，则不能用关系代词。
例：He hated the ways(which/that)she talked (in).他不喜欢她说话的方式。
3)关系代词只使用that，不使用which的情况。
(1) 关系代词前有形容词的最高级修饰时。
This is the funniest drama that I have seen.这是我看过的最滑稽的剧。
(2)先行词为不定代词。如：all，everything，nothing，anything，both.either，much，little，none。
例：①Everything that was taught in class seemed easy for him. 对他来说课堂上教的一切似乎很容易。
(3)先行词为only，very等词修饰肘。
例：①It was the only textbook that could be found.这是能够找到的仅有的一本课本。
②This is the very dictionary that I want to get.这正是我想得到的词典。
(4)定语从句中固定短语动词和短语中的介词不能前置。
例：It was the maths book that the boy was in search of.这是这个男孩正在寻找的数学书。
5)whose与of which/whom
(1)都可表所有关系。
(2)of which/whom还可表示"其中的……"(整体的部分)
例：He told us many stories about Long March，of which this is a good example.他给我们讲了许多关于长征的故事，这是其中一个很好的例子。
as和which引导的非限制性定语从句比较:
下面是近年高考题中关于定语从句的试题
1.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected. (NMET2000，10)
2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，____,of course，made the others unhappy.
(NMET2000，17)
A.when B.which C.this D.what
3.Carol said the work would be done by October,____ personally I doubt very much.(NMET99，19)
A.it B.that C.then D.which
4.The weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect. (NMET94,39)
A.what B.which C.that D.it
它们的答案分别是C、B、D和B，都是用which引导一个非限制性定语从句，which代替逗号前整个主句的内容。
但有时关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句，as也是代替整个主句的意思。如:
As we all know，he never smokes. The foolish boy made the mistake again，as could be expected. ____ is mentioned above，the number of students in senior high school is increasing.('99上海，4)
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句区别究竟在哪里呢?
1.非限制性定语从句位于句末，而且as或which在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时可互换。如:
He is a farmer as/which is clear from his manners.(在从句中作主语)
This elephant is like a snake，as/which anybody can see.(在从句中作宾语)
2. which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在句末，而as引导的非限制性定语从句可放在句末，也可放在句中、句首。置于句首时，不能用which替换。如：
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad.
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as引导非限制性定语从句时，意为"这一点"、"这件事"，常与see，hope，expect，know，guess等动词搭配;而which引导非限制性定语从句时，与主句有一种因果关系，可译为"所以……"。如：
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.大家都知道，塞浦路斯在地中海。
Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light。竹子是空的，所以很轻。
4.as引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语时，其后面的谓语动词必须是连系动词。如果从句谓语动词是行为动词，则必须用which。如：
He married her，as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine，which made her mother angry.
It rained hard yesterday，which prevented her from going to Shenyang.
但若从句谓语是usually, happen，be often the case等时，仍用关系代词as，不用which。如：
He is absent，as is often the case.
几组正误辨析：
1.误：We visited a factory where makes toys for children.
正：We visited a factory which that makes toys for children.
析：此句错误的原因是把先行词a factory当作从句中的状 语，实际上先行词a factory在从句中充当动词makes的主语。故关系词应使用which或that。
2.误：After living in Paris for 50years，he returned to the small town that he grew up as a child。
正：After living in Paris for 50years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child。
析：此句错误的原因是把先行词the small town当作从句中的宾语，实际上从句中缺少地点状语。因为从句中谓语动词grew up是一个不及物动词短语，其后的as a child已充当了宾语，故从句中缺少状语，应使用关系副词where。
3.误：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows，most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
正：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
误：This is the boy with him he worked.
正：This is the boy(that/whom) he worked with。
正：This is the boy with whom he worked.
析：在定语从句中，如果介词及介词短语用在从句前，其后必须用关系代词which(指物)、whom(指人)。上面两误句中先行词windows(物)，the boy(人)应分别使用most of which和with whom。如果介词及介词短语用在从句句尾，应按普通定语从句对待。
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