6. It can be inferred from the passage that one problem associated with the production of huge lots of cars is which of the following？
（A） The need to manufacture flexible machinery and equipment
（B） The need to store extra components not required for immediate use
（C） The need for expensive training programs for workers， which emphasize the development of facility in several production jobs
（D） The need to alter conventional mass-production processes
（E） The need to increase the investment per vehicle in order to achieve high productivity levels
7. Which of the following statements is supported by information stated in the passage？
（A） Japanese and United states automakers differ in their approach to production processes
（B） Japanese automakers have perfected the use of single-function equipment
（C） Japanese automakers invest more capital per employee than do United States automakers.
（D） United States -owned factories abroad have higher production levels than do Japanese-owned plants in the United states.
（E） Japanese automakers have benefited from the cultural heritage of their workers.
8. With which of the following predictive statements regarding Japanese automakers would the author most likely agree？
（A） The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers will decline if they become less flexible in their approach to production.
（B） Japanese automakers' productivity levels were double during the late 1990's.
（C） United States automakers will originate net production processes before Japanese automakers do.
（D） Japanese automakers will hire fewer worker than will United States automakers because each worker is repairs to perform several jobs.
（E） Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment repairs than will United States automakers because Japanese equipment can be early altered.
Passage 3
Joseph Glatthaar's Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War， but it uses more soldiers' letters and diaries-including rare material from Black soldier-and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glatthaar's title expresses his thesis： loyalty， friendship， and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat.
Glatthaar accurately describes the government's discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay， promotion， medical care， and job assignments， appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited through out the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus， while their combat death rate was only one- third that of while units， their mortality rate from disease， a major killer in this war， was twice as great. Despite these obstacles， the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it， “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.”（Line25） In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change， however， Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments.“ Prior to the war，” He writes of these men， “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives， this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society， they participated eagerly in this military experiment， which they hope would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism， these men's paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their （Line40） feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in generational chauvinism-to judge past eras by present standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following？
（A） An evaluation of a scholarly study
（B） A description of an attitudinal change
（C） A discussion of an analytical defect
（D） An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
（E） An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author， which of the following is true of Glatthaar 's Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic？
（A） It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
（B） It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies.
（C） It contains some unsupported generalizations， but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.
（D） It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
（E） It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar 's book refers specifically to which of the following？
（A） The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldier increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
（B） The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War， partly as a result of their use of organization skills honed by combat
（C） The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
（D） The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races' facing of common fight during the Civil War
（E） The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans' repudiation of their previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receive special emphasis in Glatthaar's book？
（A） The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
（B） The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
（C） The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
（D） The motives of officers serving in Black units
（E） The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotion
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units' disease mortality rates in the Civil War？
（A） They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units
（B） They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat
（C） They were especially high because of the nature of these units' usual duty assignments
（D） They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units
（E） They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army's discriminatory policies
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that
（A） virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
（B） Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
（C） The combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
（D） White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
（E） Respect in the army as a whole was accorded to those units， whether Black or White， that performed well in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28？
（A） Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
（B） Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation
（C） Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions
（D） Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appear more striking than it actually is
（E） Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism”（line 40-41）as that practice is defined in the passage？
（A） Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past
（B） Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one's youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable
（C） Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employee's gender
（D） Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today
（E） Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt” for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today
Passage 4
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable， largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth's past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible： relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes， 16 and 18， found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins， the continental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces， the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins， the continental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces， the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period， because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms， shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen， the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate， the isotope record has two advantages. First， it is a global record： there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second， it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages， sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern： an ice age occurs roughly once every 100，000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth's orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However， it is important to note that other factors， such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth， could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable： changes in the Earth's orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
1. In the passage， the author is primarily interested in
（A） suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
（B） introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
（C） emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
（D） presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
（E） initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
答案：
Passage 1： BBDDD CD
Passage 2： DEADC BAA
Passage 3： ABDBC CDE
Passage 4： D
