4.According to the passage， the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan's feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that
（A） spending had outdistanced income
（B） trade had fallen off
（C） profits from mining had declined
（D） the coinage had been sharply debased
（E） the samurai had concentrated in castle towns
5.The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt for which of the following reasons？
（A） Agricultural production had increased.
（B） Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
（C） The Japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changing economy.
（D） The domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.
（E） There was a limit to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
6.The passage suggests that， in eighteenth-century Japan， the office of tax collector
（A） was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
（B） was regarded with derision by many Japanese
（C） remained within families
（D） existed only in castle-towns
（E） took up most of the officeholder's time
7.Which of the following could best be substituted for the word “This ” in line 47 without changing the meaning of the passage？
（A） The search of Japan's Tokugawa shoguns for solvency
（B） The importance of commerce in feudal Japan
（C） The unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth century Japan
（D） The difficulty of increasing government income by other means
（E） The difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself in extricating themselves from debt
8.The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state？
（A） A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
（B） Most of the country's wealth appeared to be in city merchants' hands.
（C） Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.
（D） The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.
（E） Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.
9.According to the passage，the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable because those actions
（A） raised the cost of living by pushing up prices
（B） resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold
（C） were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
（D） did not succeed in reducing government spending
（E） acted as a deterrent to trade
Passage 3
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930，over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South， where the preponderance of the Black population had been located， and migrated to northern states， with the largest number moving，it is claimed，between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed，but not proved，that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors：the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation，which began in 1898，and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants' subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background，a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration，no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600，000 Black workers，or ten percent of the Black work force，reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits，” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move，but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.
About thirty-five percent of the urban Black lation in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-black smiths， masons，carpenters which had had a monopoly of certain trades，but they were gradually being pushed out by competition，mechanization，and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent，more recently urbanized，worked in newly developed industries-tobacco,lumber，coal and iron manufacture，and railroads. Wages in the South，however，were low，and Black workers were aware， through labor recruiters and the Black press，that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation，urban Black
workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers，who were drive to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus，a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed，and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.
1. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation？
（A） United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930
（B） Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930
（C） The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
（D） The federal census of 1910
（E） Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910
2. In the passage，the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument？
（A） It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.
（B） The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
（C） It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
（D） It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.
（E） Of the Black workers living in southern cities，only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
3. According to the passage，which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910？
（A） They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
（B） They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
（C） They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
（D） They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.
（E） They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
4 The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker's decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT
（A） wage levels in northern cities
（B） labor recruiters
（C） competition from rural workers
（D） voting rights in northern states
（E） the Black press
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 53 is based on which of the following assumptions？
（A） People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
（B） Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
（C） People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
（D） Most people who were once skilled worker are not willing to work as unskilled workers.
（E） People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of a country seldom undertake a second migration.
6. The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） support an alternative to an accepted methodology
（B） present evidence that resolves a contradiction
（C） introduce a recently discovered source of information
（D） challenge a widely accepted explanation
（E） argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
7. According to information in the passage，which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers，from highest paid to lowest paid，in the period between 1910 and 1930？
（A） Artisans in the North； artisans in the South； unskilled workers in the North； unskilled workers in the South
（B） Artisans in the North and South； unskilled workers in the North； unskilled workers in the South
（C） Artisans in the North； unskilled workers in the North； artisans in the South
（D） Artisans in the North and South； unskilled urban workers in the North； unskilled rural workers in the South
（E） Artisans in the North and South； unskilled rural workers in the North and South； unskilled urban workers in the North and South
8. The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics？
（A） The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the Great Migration
（B） The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War
（C） The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great Migration
（D） The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation
（E） The disappearance of the artisan class in the United States as a consequence of mechanization in the early twentieth century
KEYS：
Passage 1： DBCBA BA
Passage 2： ADBAE CDBA
Passage 3： DCADC DCA
