GMAT考试--Testprep数学(2)

　　QUANTIFIERS
　　ALL EXCEPT LIKELY
　　SOME MOST MANY
　　ONLY COULD NO
　　NEVER ALWAYS EVERYWHERE
　　PROBABLY MUST ALONE
　　EXAMPLE:
　　WHETHER THE WORLD IS EUCLIDEAN or NON-EUCLIDEAN IS STILL AN OPEN QUESTION.
　　HOWEVER, IF A STAR’S POSITION IS PREDICTED BASED ON NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY,
　　THEN WHEN A TELESCOPE IS POINTED TOSWHERESTHE STAR SHOULD BE IT WILL BE THER
　　E. WHEREAS, IF THE STAR’S POSITION IS PREDICTED BASED ON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY,
　　THEN WHEN A TELESCOPE IS POINTED TOSWHERESTHE STAR SHOULD BE IT WON’T BE TH
　　ERE. THIS STRONGLY INDICATES THAT THE WORLD IS NON-EUCLIDEAN.
　　WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING BEST EXPRESSES THE MAIN IDEA OF THE PASSAGE?
　　(A) THE WORLD MAY or MAY NOT BE EUCLIDEAN.
　　(B) THE WORLD IS PROBABLY NON-EUCLIDEAN.
　　(C) THE WORLD IS NON-EUCLIDEAN.
　　(D) THE WORLD IS EUCLIDEAN.
　　(E) THE WORLD IS NEITHER EUCLIDEAN NOR NON-EUCLIDEAN.
　　CHOICE (A) UNDERSTATES THE MAIN IDEA. ALTHOUGH THE OPENING TO THE PASSAGE ST
　　ATES THAT WE DON’T KNOW WHETHER THE WORLD IS NON-EUCLIDEAN, THE AUTHOR GOES
　　ON TO GIVE EVIDENCE THAT IT IS NON-EUCLIDEAN. CHOICE (C) OVERSTATES THE MAIN
　　IDEA. THE AUTHOR DOESN’T SAY THAT THE WORLD IS NON-EUCLIDEAN, JUST THAT EVI
　　DENCE STRONGLY INDICATES THAT IT IS. IN CHOICE (B), THE WORD "PROBABLY" PROP
　　ERLY LIMITS THE SCOPE OF THE MAIN IDEA, NAMELY, THAT THE WORLD IS PROBABLY N
　　ON-EUCLIDEAN, BUT WE CAN’T YET STATE SO DEFINITIVELY. THE ANSWER IS (B).
　　PREMISES
　　ONCE YOU’VE FOUND THE CONCLUSION, MOST OFTEN EVERYTHING ELSE IN THE ARGUMENT
　　WILL BE EITHER PREMISES or "NOISE." THE PREMISES PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR THE C
　　ONCLUSION. THEY FORM THE FOUNDATION or INFRASTRUCTURE UPON WHICH THE CONCLUS
　　ION DEPENDS. TO DETERMINE WHETHER A STATEMENT IS A PREMISE, ASK YOURSELF WHE
　　THER IT SUPPORTS THE CONCLUSION. IF SO, IT’S A PREMISE. EARLIER WE SAW THAT
　　WRITERS USE CERTAIN WORDS TO FLAG CONCLUSIONS. LIKEWISE WRITERS USE CERTAIN
　　WORDS TO FLAG PREMISES. FOLLOWING IS A PARTIAL LIST OF THE MOST COMMON PREMI
　　SE INDICATORS:
　　PREMISE INDICATORS
　　BECAUSE FOR
　　SINCE IS EVIDENCE THAT
　　IF IN THAT
　　AS OWING TO
　　SUPPOSE INASMUCH AS
　　ASSUME MAY BE DERIVED FROM
　　EXAMPLE:
　　SINCE THE INCUMBENT’S VIEWS ARE OUT OF STEP WITH PUBLIC OPINION, HE PROBABLY
　　WILL NOT BE REELECTED.
　　HERE "SINCE" IS USED TO FLAG THE PREMISE THAT THE INCUMBENT’S POSITIONS ARE
　　UNPOPULAR.
　　SUPPRESSED PREMISES
　　MOST ARGUMENTS DEPEND ON ONE or MORE UNSTATED PREMISES. SOMETIMES THIS INDIC
　　ATES A WEAKNESS IN THE ARGUMENT, AN OVERSIGHT BY THE WRITER. MORE OFTEN, HOW
　　EVER, CERTAIN PREMISES ARE LEFT TACIT BECAUSE THEY ARE TOO NUMEROUS, or THE
　　WRITER ASSUMES THAT HIS AUDIENCE IS AWARE OF THE ASSUMPTIONS, or HE WANTS TH
　　E AUDIENCE TO FILL IN THE PREMISE THEMSELVES AND THEREFORE BE MORE LIKELY TO
　　BELIEVE THE CONCLUSION.

　　EXAMPLE:
　　CONCLUSION: I KNEW HE DID IT.
　　PREMISE: ONLY A GUILTY PERSON WOULD ACCEPT IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION.
　　THE SUPPRESSED PREMISE IS THAT HE DID, IN FACT, ACCEPT IMMUNITY. THE SPEAKER ASSUMES THAT HIS AUDIENCE IS AWARE OF THIS FACT or AT LEAST IS WILLING TO BELIEVE IT, SO TO STATE IT WOULD BE REDUNDANT AND PONDEROUS. IF THE UNSTATED PREMISE WERE FALSE (THAT IS, HE DID NOT ACCEPT IMMUNITY), THE ARGUMENT WOULD NOT TECHNICALLY BE A LIE. BUT IT WOULD BE VERY DECEPTIVE. THE UNSCRUPULOUS WRITER MAY USE THIS PLOY IF HE THINKS THAT HE CAN GET AWAY WITH IT. THAT IS, HIS ARGUMENT HAS THE INTENDED EFFECT AND THE FALSE PREMISE, THOUGH IMPLICIT , IS HARD TO FIND or IS AMBIGUOUS. POLITICIANS ARE NOT AT ALL ABOVE USING TH IS TACTIC.
　　A COMMON QUESTION ON THE GMAT ASKS YOU TO FIND THE SUPPRESSED PREMISE OF AN
　　ARGUMENT. FINDING THE SUPPRESSED PREMISE, or ASSUMPTION, OF AN ARGUMENT CAN
　　BE DIFFICULT. HOWEVER, ON THE GMAT YOU HAVE AN ADVANTAGE--THE SUPPRESSED PRE
　　MISE IS LISTED AS ONE OF THE FIVE ANSWER-CHOICES. TO TEST WHETHER AN ANSWER-
　　CHOICE IS A SUPPRESSED PREMISE, ASK YOURSELF WHETHER IT WOULD MAKE THE ARGUM
　　ENT MORE PLAUSIBLE. IF SO, THEN IT IS VERY LIKELY A SUPPRESSED PREMISE.

　　EXAMPLE:
　　AMERICAN ATTITUDES TEND TO BE RATHER INSULAR, BUT THERE IS MUCH WE CAN LEARN
　　FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. IN JAPAN, FOR EXAMPLE, WORKERS SET ASIDE SOME TIME EA
　　CH DAY TO EXERCISE, AND MANY CORPORATIONS PROVIDE ELABORATE EXERCISE FACILIT
　　IES FOR THEIR EMPLOYEES. FEW AMERICAN CORPORATIONS HAVE SUCH EXERCISE PROGRA
　　MS. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE JAPANESE WORKER IS MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN THE
　　AMERICAN WORKER. THUS IT MUST BE CONCLUDED THAT THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN
　　WORKERS WILL LAG BEHIND THEIR JAPANESE COUNTERPARTS, UNTIL MANDATORY EXERCI
　　SE PROGRAMS ARE INTRODUCED.
　　THE CONCLUSION OF THE ARGUMENT IS VALID IF WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS ASS
　　UMED?
　　(A) EVEN IF EXERCISE PROGRAMS DO NOT INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY, THEY WILL IMPROV
　　E THE AMERICAN WORKER’S HEALTH.
　　(B) THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ALL WORKERS CAN BE INCREASED BY EXERCISE.
　　(C) EXERCISE IS AN ESSENTIAL FACTOR IN THE JAPANESE WORKER’S SUPERIOR PRODUC
　　TIVITY.
　　(D) AMERICAN WORKERS CAN ADAPT TO THE LONGER JAPANESE WORK WEEK.
　　(E) AMERICAN CORPORATIONS DON’T HAVE THE FUNDS TO BUILD ELABORATE EXERCISE F

　　ACILITIES.
　　THE UNSTATED ESSENCE OF THE ARGUMENT IS THAT EXERCISE IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF
　　PRODUCTIVITY AND THAT JAPANESE WORKERS ARE MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN AMERICAN WO
　　RKERS BECAUSE THEY EXERCISE MORE. THE ANSWER IS (C).
　　COUNTER-PREMISES
　　WHEN PRESENTING A POSITION, YOU OBVIOUSLY DON’T WANT TO ARGUE AGAINST YOURSE
　　LF. HOWEVER, IT IS OFTEN EFFECTIVE TO CONCEDE CERTAIN MINOR POINTS THAT WEAK
　　EN YOUR ARGUMENT. THIS SHOWS THAT YOU ARE OPEN-MINDED AND THAT YOUR IDEAS AR
　　E WELL CONSIDERED. IT ALSO DISARMS POTENTIAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST YOUR POSITION
　　.. FOR INSTANCE, IN ARGUING FOR A STRONG, AGGRESSIVE POLICE DEPARTMENT, YOU M
　　AY CONCEDE THAT IN THE PAST THE POLICE HAVE AT TIMES ACTED TOO AGGRESSIVELY.
　　OF COURSE, YOU WILL THEN NEED TO STATE MORE CONVINCING REASONS TO SUPPORT Y
　　OUR POSITION.

　　EXAMPLE:
　　I SUBMIT THAT THE STRIKERS SHOULD ACCEPT THE MANAGEMENT’S OFFER. ADMITTEDLY,
　　IT IS LESS THAN WHAT WAS DEMANDED. BUT IT DOES RESOLVE THE MAIN GRIEVANCE--
　　INADEQUATE HEALTH CARE. FURTHERMORE, AN INDEPENDENT STUDY SHOWS THAT A WAGE
　　INCREASE GREATER THAN 5% WOULD LEAVE THE COMPANY UNABLE TO COMPETE AGAINST J
　　APAN AND GERMANY, FORCING ITSINTOSBANKRUPTCY.
　　THE CONCLUSION, "THE STRIKERS SHOULD ACCEPT THE MANAGEMENT’S OFFER," IS STAT
　　ED IN THE FIRST SENTENCE. THEN "ADMITTEDLY" INTRODUCES A CONCESSION. NAMELY,
　　THAT THE OFFER WAS LESS THAN WHAT WAS DEMANDED. THIS WEAKENS THE SPEAKER’S
　　CASE, BUT IT ADDRESSES A POTENTIAL CRITICISM OF HIS POSITION BEFORE IT CAN B
　　E MADE. THE LAST TWO SENTENCES OF THE ARGUMENT PRESENT MORE COMPELLING REASO
　　NS TO ACCEPT THE OFFER AND FORM THE GIST OF THE ARGUMENT.
　　FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE MOST COMMON COUNTER-PREMISE INDICATORS:
　　COUNTER-PREMISE INDICATORS
　　BUT DESPITE
　　ADMITTEDLY EXCEPT
　　EVEN THOUGH NONETHELESS
　　NEVERTHELESS ALTHOUGH
　　HOWEVER IN SPITE OF THE FACT
　　AS YOU MAY HAVE ANTICIPATED, THE GMAT WRITERS SOMETIMES USE COUNTER-PREMISES
　　TO BAIT WRONG ANSWER-CHOICES. ANSWER-CHOICES THAT REFER TO COUNTER-PREMISES
　　ARE VERY TEMPTING BECAUSE THEY REFER DIRECTLY TO THE PASSAGE AND THEY ARE I
　　N PART TRUE. BUT YOU MUST ASK YOURSELF "IS THIS THE MAIN POINT THAT THE AUTH
　　OR IS TRYING TO MAKE?" IT MAY MERELY BE A MINOR CONCESSION.
　　LOGIC II (DIAGRAMMING)

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