4、The phrase "apparent in" in the passage is closest in meaning to
clearly seen in
aid in
associated with
followed By
5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?
Raw cotton
Cotton cloth
Steam-powered pumps
Coal
6、The word "consequent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
resulting
encouraging
well documented
immediate
7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?
It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.
It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.
It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.
It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.
PARAGRAPH 3
The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.
8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?
It helped make wood into charcoal.
It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.
It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.
It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.
9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during t|| 1800s EXCEPT:
Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.
By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.
Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.
Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.
PARAGRAPH 4
Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
10、The word "initiated" in the passage is closest in meaning to
anticipated
accelerated
spread
started
11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation?
Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.
It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.
It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.
It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.
12、The phrase "accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to
in need of
used to
tired of
encouraged by
13、Look at the four squares [■] that indicate
where the following sentence could be added to the passage
The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.
14、 Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.
Answer Choices
A. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.
B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.
C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.
D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.
E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.
F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.
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