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Ⅰ.carry on的意思是“进行、继续”,如:
① I tried to carry on a conversation in English, but could not. 我想用英语进行谈话,但是力不从心。
② He told them to carry on. 他叫他们继续进行。
③ Carry on (with) your work. 继续你的工作。
Ⅱ.carry out的意思是“贯彻、执行;完成、实现”,如:
① Sometimes it’s easy to make plans but difficult to carry them out. 有时候作计划容易而执行计划却很难。
② Our plan was carried out successfully. 我们的计划胜利地完成。
Ⅲ.carry through 的意思是“完成-----,将-----进行到底;使(人)战胜困难,渡过难关。如:
① Carry the revolution through to the end. 将革命进行到底。
② His courage will carry him through. 他的勇气使他战胜困难,渡过难关。
§117 cause/ reason
Ⅰ.cause表示“原因、缘故、理由”等意思时,着重指产生某种结果的原因。如:
① The cause of the fire was carelessness. 起火的原因是不小心。
② What was the cause of it? 发生这事是原因何在?
③ There’s no cause for anxiety. 没有理由要焦虑(不必焦虑)。
Ⅱ.reason的意思是“理由、原因、缘故”,着重指产生某种行为或想法的理由。如:
① I have no reason for it. 我没有理由这样做。
② Give your reason for changing the plan. 把你改变计划的理由讲一下。
§118 centre/ middle
Ⅰ.centre的意思是“中心”,通常用于空间方面,强调指正中心。它还可用于借喩,表示某一事物的中心。如:
① Draw a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心画一圆圈。
② We live in the centre of London. 我们住在伦敦市中心。
③ Beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of China. 北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。
Ⅱ.middle的意思是“中间、当中”,指跟两边或各边、两端或各端等距离的部分。它可以用于空间、时间等方面,如:
① In the middle of the room stands a table. 房间当中摆着一张桌子。
② He was standing in the middle of the road. 他站在路中间。
③ It will be coming into bloom about the middle of next month. 它大约将在下月中开花。
§119 certain/ sure
二者的基本用法一样
1)Be certain 如:Manchester are certain/sure to win.(The other team haven’t got a chance.)曼彻斯特队肯定会赢。(另一队连一点希望都没有)
2) Before the game stared, Alan felt quite sure/certain of winning, but after the first five minutes he began to lose confidence. 比赛开始前,艾伦感到很有把握赢,但比赛了5分钟后他开始失去信心了。
§120 certainly/ surely
二者含义大不相同。
surely表相信,但又感到惊奇或难以相信。如:
① Surely that’s a plain-clothes policeman. 那一定是一个便衣警察。=Can that really be a plain-policeman.
② Surely that’s Henry over there? I thought he was in Scotland. 那边谅必是亨利,我还以为他在苏格兰呢?
[注]:当surely与否定词连用时,常表示怀疑,(不愿意相信)如:
Surely, you aren’t going out in that hat? 你决不会戴那顶帽子去吧。
Ⅱ. certainly 表所了解的情况. 如:
That’s certainly a plain-clothes policeman. 那肯定是个便衣警察。(说话者认出了他是个便衣,因为很有信心,肯定地说出了这句话。)