第一讲 考研英语写作解剖
研究生入学考试英语写作部分占总分的百分之二十，是决定考研英语成绩优劣的重要因
素。因此考生需要认真理解领会考研英语写作的每个细节，并且尽快掌握相应的应试对策，
以便在考试最后的40分钟能够合理地控制时间，从容地完成较高质量的写作。
一、大纲对写作的界定与最新评分细则
写作是全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试卷的第四部分。该部分考查考生的书面表达能
力。共1题，20分。要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇约200词的短文(标点符号不计算在内)。
提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图表等。考生在答题卡上作答。
1.大纲对写作的界定
《全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲(非英语考生)》在考试说明部分对写作有如下
界定：
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能
写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：
1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确、用词恰当；
2)遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。
2.最新考研英语写作具体评分细则
20—17分：内容切题，包括题中所列的各项内容，清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有
变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16—13分：内容切题，包括题中所列的各项内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵，文字基本连
贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12—9分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列各方面的内容；基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子
结构和词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
8—5分：内容基本切题，基本包含题中所列各方面的内容；语句可以理解，文章长度基
本符合要求。
4—1分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可以理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。
二、考研英语写作的高分标准
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考研英语写作的高分标准涉及以下六个方面：
1.内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。
2.表达清楚。语言要简洁、准确、条理清晰，主题明确。
3.意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理(以因果、对比、分类、
定义、列举、概括、详情、时间、空间、过程或综合等方法来展开)。
4.句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句、并列句、复
合句、主被动句、长句、短句、否定句、双重否定句、疑问句、反问句、倒装句、强调句、
插入语、独立主格成分等。
5.用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词使
表达富有动感。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。
6.语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。
三、历届考研英语写作命题与启示
1.历届考研英语写作命题总览
2.历届考研英语写作试题类型
历届考研英语写作试题主要分为以下两大类型：
1) 1991—1996年：给出提纲或开头句的命题写作(writings based on given outlines
or opening sentences)
2) 1997—2006年：给出提纲的图画或图表写作(writings based on visual information
or pictures or graphs)
3.历届考研英语写作命题的启示
从1991年至2006年共计16年的考题来分析，我们可以对考研英语写作命题有如下认识：
1)写作题目忌偏忌怪。考研英语写作选题范围都是目前人们最为关注的问题，从子女与
父母的关系到健康的重要性，从近年来泛滥的行业"承诺"到世界烟民的现状、从希望工程
到电视广告、从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝，以及2002年和2006年的考题所涉及的国际文
化交流与青少年成材的题目，无不反映了当前社会的热门话题。
2)文体基本上是说明文和议论文。考这类体裁的写作比较符合形势发展的实际需要。在
学习、工作和生活中，人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文。
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3)出题形式在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化。
4)写作题目易于理解。写作题目无论以文字的形式还是以图表、图画的形式出现都会浅
显易懂。考生不会因题目中出现生词或难以理解的短语而影响正常发挥。
四、考研英语写作文章的常规整体构建模式
考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段
一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。
1.开头段
开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具
体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。考生应注意以下若干要
点：
1)开头段的作用
概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。
2)写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题
①开头偏离主题太远；
②使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；
③内容不具体，言之无物；
④使用不言自明的陈述。
3)开头段的表达方法
①使用引语(use a quotation)
使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。
例：
"Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make
them."Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance
now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities
is more essential to his success.
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②使用具体详实的数字或数据(use figures or statistics)
引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。
例：In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young
married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward
delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent
of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the
1993 level of 8 percent.
③提出问题(ask a question)
提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。
例：What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges?
Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea
and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all
agree that work provide more than material things.
④给出背景(offer relevant background)
描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等。
例：Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly
indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of
cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink
to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and
detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
⑤定义法(give definition)
针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。
例：Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your
lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new
circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities.
Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you
will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will
have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly
learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for
whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
⑥主题句法(use of topic sentence)
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文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery
of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English,
often means a good opportunity for one's career, even a passport to a prosperous
future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign
language.
4)开头段的常用核心句型
The arguer may be right about?, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention
(takesintosaccount) the fact that?.
As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted)
belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that?
Although many people believe that?, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument
bears much analysis (close examination).
The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight
than those of / are much greater than) A.
Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed)
that?, it is unlikely to be true that?.
There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a
deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that?.
It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)?, but this is not to say
(it is unlikely / it doesn't follow / it doesn't mean / it won't be the case)
that?.
The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument
(view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that?.
It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view)
that?, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that?.
In all the discussion and debate over?, one important (basic) fact is
generally overlooked (neglected).
There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept /
resist / reject) that?.
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Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it,
it appears insignificant (absurd) when?is takensintosconsideration(account).
To assume (suggest) that?is far from being proved (to miss the point).
A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would
reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is.
On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive)
suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis
/ on second thought), we find that?
Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to)?
may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts?.
The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that?.
What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that?.
We don't have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this
argument (proposition).
However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims
the surface of the problem.
Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered /
identified) by people for?, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned).
As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that?.
I believe that the title statement is valid because (of)?.
I agree with the above statement because I believe that?.
Although I appreciate that?, I cannot agree with the title statement.
There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of?. Those who object
to?argue that?. But people who favor?, on the other hand, argue that?.
Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there
is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards
(concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of
/ illusion of / belief in)?.
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Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought /
held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that?. But I wonder (doubt)
whether?.
These days we are often told that (often hear about)?, but is this really
the case?
2.中间段
中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论
证。
1)中间段的一般特征
①篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。
②每段有相应的主题句。
③包含定义、解释、描写，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写
作手段。
④不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。
2)中间段的具体特点
①所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力；
②段落中一定具备主题句；
③段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；
④内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；
⑤段落之间连贯自然；
⑥段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；
⑦词与句型运用合理并且有变化。
3)中间段展开的基本方法
①列举法
例文：
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There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are,
we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important
to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and
getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally,
entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If
we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.
②比较对比法
例文：
The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history,
people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many
shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed.
So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So
people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward
in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being's most
important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets, but
it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly, so people
tried to find a new quicker method of communication.
The most recent development had been electronic means of communication,
including the wireless telegraph, radio, telephone and television. The invention
and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are
the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best
to invent even more modem and useful methods.
③因果法
例文：
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year
Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in
humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill
in the backyard. Why are they so popular?
First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece
of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing
could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour.
Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some
cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.
You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In
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addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato,
onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise,
mustard or whatever you wish!
④例证法
例文：
The saying"No pains, no gains"is universally accepted because of the plain
yet philosophical moral it teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to
work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks.
A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine
that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over
years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
⑤发展过程法
例文：
To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough
to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will
be facing. Then punch a pinholesintosthe opposite side high enough so that the little
shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole
by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil
over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut
and cover all light leaks with black tape.
⑥定义法
例文：
Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that
we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest, without food and without
sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of
improvement, or to work persistently without any waste of time.
⑦分类法
例文：
Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio, television and newspapers.
Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. Newspapers are the oldest form
for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the
morning paper whileshavingsbreakfast, and end their day by reading the evening paper
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whileshavingsdinner.
The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is
able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the
development of the radio has made the world a smaller place.
Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows
us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual
images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event.
4)中间段的常用核心句型
Although the popular belief is that?, a current (new / recent) study (survey
/ poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that?.
Common sense tells us that?.
The increase (change / failure / success) in?mainly (largely / partly)
results from (arises from / is because of)?.
The increase (change / failure / success) in ? is due to (owing to /
attributable to) the fact that?.
Many people would claim that?.
One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to?, but?
is not by itself an adequate explanation.
One of the reasons given for?is that?.
What is also worth noticing is that?.
There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons)
for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in?.
First,?. Second,?. Finally,?.
There is no evidence to suggest that?.
Why are (is / do / did)?? For one thing,?. For another,?.
Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that?.
It gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences).
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There are numerous reasons why?, and I shall here explore only a few of the
most important ones.
It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable /
considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence)
on?.
A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result
in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development)
in?.
In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the
total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent
(to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a
five-month period.
By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three
quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates
/ housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked)?.
With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition /
acknowledgement / realization) of?, vast changes awaits this country's society.
Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning
(coming / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / accept / see /
be aware) that?.
According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll),?.
History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of?.
The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it
is one of many examples (typical of dozens).
A (one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll /
investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists /
experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that?.
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According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics /
findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute),
it can be learned (seen / predicted) that?.
There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong)
evidence (proof) to
Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that?.
We must admit the undeniable fact that?.
No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact
that?.
Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that?.
Take for example?who (that)?.
The same is true of?.
As the saying goes,"?."
3.结尾段
结尾段的写作方法可以归纳为下列若干种：
1)总结归纳
简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。
例：In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most
of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life
are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable.
During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing
to take the opportunities being offered.
2)重申主题
再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。
例 ： Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive
pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied
man's energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue
to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.
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3)预测展望
立足当前，放眼未来。
例：It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take
strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official
corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government's
popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4)提出建议
提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。
例：College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention
and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded
as a required course wedgedsintoscollege curricula, however crowded it may be, and
that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We
sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and
universities will take up.
5)提出问题
提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。
例：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this
living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They
need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can't
young people think of the days when they are getting old?
6)引用格言
用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。
例：Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that"Knowledge?
is power."This can now be translatedsintoscontemporary terms. In our social
setting,"Knowledge is change"—and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling
the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.
7)结尾段的核心句型
From what has been discussed above (Takingsintosaccount all these factors /
Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive
at) the conclusion that?.
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All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points
to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that?.
It is high time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable)
emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of?.
It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable
/ deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of?.
We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure),
because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude)
of?, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead
to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of?.
There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy)
to the problem of?, but?might be useful (helpful / beneficial).
No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed)
to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of?, but the common (general / public)
recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity
(importance / significance) of?might be the first step towards change (on the right
way / in the right direction).
Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in
(solution to)?, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there
is every chance that?.
Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)?, it is very
likely (the chances are good) that?.
There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate
/ further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of?.
It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper)
action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct /check /
end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).
It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent /
sustained / corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/ halt / promote)
the growth (increase / rise) of?.
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It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused
on) finding (developing / improving)?.
It remains to be seen whether?, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite
encouraging (that rosy).
Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible
(potential / grave /serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of?.
To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy
job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of mind towards
(attitude towards / outlook on)?.
For these reasons, I strongly recommend that?.
For the reasons given above, I feel that?.
4.段落扩展中的常用词语
1)总结关系过渡词语
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale,
to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in
one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far
as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short,
in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
2)比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in
the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in
sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but,
however, yet, nevertheless
3)列举关系过渡词语
for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely,
that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially,
first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually,
besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also,
moreover, for one thing, for another
4)因果关系过渡词语
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because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as
a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence,
consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence
5)让步关系过渡词语
although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that
6)强调关系过渡词语
anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly,
above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all,
no doubt
