3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces
（A） had reached their peak and begun to decline
（B） had eliminated the Bulgarian army
（C） were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus
（D） were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate's military forces
（E） had achieved control of Byzantine governmental structures
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses
（A） in 600
（B） during the seventh century
（C） a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost
（D） soon after the revival of Byzantine learning
（E） in the century after 873
5. In the third paragraph，the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic，military，and cultural development in order to
（A） suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model
（B） set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium
（C） cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium
（D） suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists
（E） argue that military conquest is the paramount element in the growth of empires
6. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began？
（A） The Byzantine military revival of the 860's led to economic and cultural advances.
（B） The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.
（C） The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900's.
（D） The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.
（E） By the early eleventh century the Byzantine Empire had regained much of its lost territory.
7. According to the author，“The common explanation”（line 28） of connections between economic，military，and cultural development is
（A） revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire
（B） reasonable， but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress
（C） not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole，but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival
（D） equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military，economic，and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome
（E） essentially not helpful，because military，economic，and cultural advances are part of a single phenomenon
Passage 3
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family， there was no liability for damages. In contrast，less than a century later，in 1979，the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750，000.
The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book，Pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century， she argues， the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who， though producing no income for，and indeed extremely costly to，its parents，is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's， this new view of childhood spread through out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentiet centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo.
For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy，the decline in birth and death rates， especially in child mortality， and the development of the companionate family （a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty）were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth.Yet “expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus.'……although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic， occupational， and family structures，“ Zelizer maintains，“was also part of a cultural process of 'sacralization' of children's lives.“ Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans， she suggests； this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.
In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth， Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics，” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime，marriage，education. and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences，”these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain，Zelizer is highly critical of this approach， and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon： the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms， she argues， their “exchange” or “ surrender“ value on the market，that is，the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms，became much greater.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the
（A） earnings of the person at time of death
（B） wealth of the party causing the death
（C） degree of culpability of the party causing the death
（D） amount of money that had been spent on the person killed
（E） amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed
2. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who
（A） needed enormous amounts of security and affection
（B） required constant supervision while working
（C） were important to the economic well-being of a family
（D） were unsuited to spending long hours school
（E） were financial burdens assumed for the good of society
3. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage？
（A） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
（B） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
（C） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.
（D） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply， and thus raised the costs， of available child labor.
（E） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental death cases.
4. The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） review the literature in a new academic sub field
（B） present the central thesis of a recent book
（C） contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
（D） refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon
（E） encourage further work on a neglected historical topic
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century？
（A） The average size of families grew considerably.
（B） The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
（C） Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
（D） Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.
（E） Family members became more economically dependent on each other.
6. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children's worth EXCEPT changes in
（A） the mortality rate
（B） the nature of industry
（C） the nature of the family
（D） attitudes toward reform movements
（E） attitudes toward the marketplace
7.Which of the following would be most consistent with the practices of sociological economics as these practices are described in the passage？
（A） Arguing that most health-care professionals enter the field because they believe it to be the most socially useful of any occupation
（B） Arguing that most college students choose majors that they believe will lead to the most highly paid jobs available to them
（C） Arguing that most decisions about marriage and divorce are based on rational assessments of the likelihood that each partner will remain committed to the relationship
（D） Analyzing changes in the number of people enrolled in colleges and universities as a function of changes in the economic health of these institutions
（E） Analyzing changes in the ages at which people get married as a function of a change in the average number of years that young people have lived away from their parents
KEYS：
Passage 1： AEEBC DCAE
Passage 2： ECDBB DC
Passage 3： ACBBC DB
