passage 18
milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth centurythat the ice ages were caused by variations in the earth‘sorbit around the SUN. for sometime this theory wasconsidered untestable， largely BECause there was no suffi-（5） ciently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
to establish such a chronology it is necessary todetermine the relative amounts of land ice that existedat various times in the earth‘s past. a recent discovery（10） makes such a determination possible： relative land-icevolume for a given period can be deduced from the ratioof two oxygen isotopes， 16 and 18， found in ocean sedi-ments. almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16， buta few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the（15） heavier isotope 18. when an ice age begins， the conti-nental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount ofwater evaporated from the ocean that will eventuallyreturn to it. because heavier isotopes tend to be leftbehid when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces，（20） the remaining ocean water becomes proGREssivelyenriched in oxygen 18. the degree of enrichment canbe determined by analyzing ocean sediments of theperiod， because these sediments are composed of calciumcarbonate shells of marine organisms， shells that were（25） constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the sur-rounding ocean. the higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen， the more land icethere was when the sediment was laid down.
as an indicator of shifts in the earth‘s climate， the（30） isotope record has two advantages. first， it is a globalrecord： there is remarkably little variation in isotoperatios in sedimentary specimens taken from differentcontinental locations. second， it is a more continuousrecord than that taken from rocks on land. because of（35） these advantages， sedimentary evidence can be datedwith sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods toestablish a precise chronology of the ice ages. the datedisotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years（40） have a pattern： an ice age occurs roughly once every100，000 years. these data have established a strongconnection between variations in the earth’s orbit andthe periodicity of the ice ages.
however， it is important to note that other factors，（45） such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amountof sunlight received by the earth， could potentially haveaffected the climate. the advantage of the milankovitchtheory is that it is testable： changes in the earth‘s orbitcan be calculated and dated by applying newton’s laws（50） of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. yet the lack of informationabout other possible factors affecting global climate doesnot make them unimportant.
1. in the passage， the author is primarily interested in
（a） suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
（b） introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
（c） emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
（d） presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
（e） initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
2. the author of the passage would be most likely toagree with which of the following statements aboutthe milankovitch theory？
（a） it is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
（b） it is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages， despite recent research findings.
（c） it cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
（d） it is one plausible explanation， though not theonly one， for the ice ages.
（e） it is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages， although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
3. it can be inferred from the passage that the isotoperecord taken from ocean sediments would be less usefulto researchers if which of the following were true？
（a） it indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
（b） it had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
（c） it indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100，000 years.
（d） it indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.
（e） it stretched back for only a million years.
4. according to the passage， which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments？
（a） they indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
（b） they are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
（c） they can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
（d） they are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.
（e） they can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
5. it can be inferred from the passage that precipitationformed from evaporated ocean water has
（a） the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
（b） less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
（c） less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
（d） a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
（e） more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
6. according to the passage， which of the following is （are） true of the ice ages？
ⅰ. the last ice age occurred about 25，000 years ago.
ⅱ. ice ages have lasted about 10，000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
ⅲ. ice ages have occurred about every 100，000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
（a） ⅰ only
（b） ⅱ only
（c） ⅲ only
（d） ⅰand only
（e） ⅰ，ⅱ and ⅲ
7. it can be inferred from the passage that calciumcarbonate shells
（a） are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
（b） are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
（c） are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
（d） contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment‘s isotopic composition
（e） reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
8. the purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to
（a） offer a note of caution
（b） introduce new evidence
（c） present two recent discoveries
（d） summarize material in the preceding paragraphs
（e） offer two explanations for a phenomenon
9. according to the passage， one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
（a） corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land
（b） shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations
（c） corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields
（d） confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions
（e） provides data that can be used to substantiaterecords concerning variations in the amountof sunlight received by the earth
passage 19
in contrast to traditional analyses of minority busi-ness， the sociological analysis contends that minoritybusiness ownership is a group-level phenomenon， in thatit is largely dependent upon social-group resources for（5） its development. specifically， this analysis indicates thatsupport networks play a critical role in starting andmaintaining minority business enterprises by providingowners with a range of assistance， from the informalencouragement of family members and friends to（10） dependable sources of labor and clientele from theowner‘s ethnic group. such self-help networks， whichencourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs，consist of “primary” institutions， those closest to theindividual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs.（15） they are characterized by the face-to-face associationand cooperation of persons united by ties of mutualconcern. they form an intermediate social level betweenthe individual and larger “secondary ” institutions basedon impersonal relationships. primary institutions（20） comprising the support network include kinship， peer，and neighborhood or community subgroups.
a major function of self-help networks is financialsupport. most scholars agree that minority businessowners have depended primarily on family funds and（25） ethnic community resources for investment capital .personal savings have been accumulated， often throughfrugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entirefamily and are thus a product of long-term family finan-cial behavior. additional loans and gifts from relatives.（30） forthcoming because of group obligation rather thannarrow investment calculation， have supplementedpersonal savings. individual entrepreneurs do not neces-sarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain finan-cial backing from commercial resources. they may actu-（35） ally avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needsof minority enterprise or charge unreasonably highinterest rates.
within the larger ethnic community， rotating credit（40） associations have been used to raise capital. these asso-ciations are informal clubs of friends and other trustedmembers of the ethnic group who make regular contri-butions to a fund that is given to each contributor inrotation. one author estimates that 40 percent of new（45）york chinatown firms established during 1900-1950utilized such associations as their initial source ofcapital. however， recent immigrants and third or fourthgenerations of older groups now employ rotating creditassociations only occasionally to raise investment funds.（50） some groups， like black americans， found other meansof financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts.thefirst black-operated banks were created in the late nine-teenth century as depositories for dues collected fromfraternal or lodge groups， which themselves had sprung（55） from black churches. black banks made limited invest-ments in other black enterprises. irish immigrants inamerican cities organized many building and loan asso-ciations to provide capital for home construction andpurchase. they. in turn， provided work for many irish（60） home-building contractor firms. other ethnic andminority groups followed similar practices in foundingethnic-directed financial institutions.
1. based on the information in the passage. it would beleast likely for which of the following persons to bepart of a self-help network？
（a） the entrepreneur‘s childhood friend
（b） the entrepreneur‘s aunt
（c） the entrepreneur‘s religious leader
（d） the entrepreneur‘s neighbor
（e） the entrepreneur‘s banker
2. which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network， as such networks are describedin the passage？
（a） a public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its open-enrollment adult education program.
（b） the local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
（c） a major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to establish their own businesses.
（d） a neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job training for its members and their friends.
（e） a community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification in a variety of technical trades.
3. which of the following can be inferred from the passageabout rotating credit associations？
（a） they were developed exclusively by chinese immigrants.
（b） they accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by chinese immigrants in new york in the early twentieth century.
（c） third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920‘s would have been unlikely to rely on them.
（d） they were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.
（e） recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for investment capital.
4. the passage best supports which of the followingstatements？
（a） a minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to start a business.
（b） self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
（c） minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.
（d） the financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organization.
（e） successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of their founders.
5. which of the following best describes the organizationof the second paragraph？
（a） an argument is delineated， followed by a counterargument.
（b） an assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.
（c） a situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.
（d） an example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions.
（e） a group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then clarified.nctions among the incidents are then clarified.
6. according to the passage， once a minority-ownedbusiness is established， self-help networks contributewhich of the following to that business？
（a） information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities
（b） encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition
（c） opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses
（d） contact with people who are likely to be customers of the new business
（e） contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups
7. it can be inferred from the passage that traditionalanalyses of minority business would be least likelyto do which of the following？
（a） examine businesses primarily in their social contexts
（b） focus on current， rather than historical， examples of business enterprises
（c） stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses
（d） focus on the maintenance of businesses， rather than means of starting them
（e） focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business
8. which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the irish building and loan associations mentioned in the last paragraph？
（a） they were started by third-or fourth-generation immigrants.
（b） they originated as offshoots of church-related groups.
（c） they frequently helped irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with construction.
（d） they contributed to the employment of many irish construction workers.
（e） they provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic groups.
passage 20
species interdependence in nature confers manybenefits on the species involved， but it can also become apoint of weakness when one species involved in the rela-tionship is affected by a catastrophe. thus， flowering（5） plant species dependent on insect pollination， as opposedto self-pollination or wind pollination， could be endan-gered when the population of insect-pollinators is depletedby the use of pesticides.
in the forests of new brunswick， for example，（10） various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 yearsin efforts to control the spruce budworm， an economi-cally significant pest. scientists have now investigatedthe effects of the spraying of matacil， one of the anti-budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators.（15） they studied matacil‘s effects on insect mortality in awide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecun-dity， expressed as the percentage of the total flowers onan individual plant that actually developed fruit andbore seeds. they found that the most pronounced（20） mortality after the spraying of matacil occurred amongthe smaller bees and one family of flies， insects that wereall important pollinators of numerous species of plantsgrowing beneath the tree canopy of forests. the fecun-dity of plants in one common indigenous species， the（25） red-osier dogwood， was significantly reduced in thesprayed areas as compared to that of plants in controlplots where matacil was not sprayed. this species ishighly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulner-able to matacil. the creeping dogwood， a species similar（30） to the red-osier dogwood， but which is pollinated bylarge bees， such as bumblebees， showed no significantdecline in fecundity. since large bees are not affected bythe spraying of matacil. these results and weight to theargument that spraying where the pollinators are sensi-（35） tive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.
the question of whether the decrease in plant fecun-dity caused by the spraying of pesticides actually causesa decline in the overall population of flowering plantspecies still remains unanswered. plant species dependent（40） solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviouslymore vulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity thatoccurs， whatever its cause. if， on the other hand， vegeta-tive growth and dispersal （by means of shoots or runners）are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a（45） species， then decreases in plant fecundity may be of littleconsequence. the fecundity effects described here arelikely to have the most profound impact on plant specieswith all four of the following characteristics： a short lifespan， a narrow geographic range， an incapacity for vege-（50） tative propagation， and a dependence on a small numberof insect-pollinator species. perhaps we should give specialattention to the conservation of such plant species sincethey lack key factors in their defenses against the envi-ronmental disruption caused by pesticide use.
1. which of the following best summarizes the main pointof the passage？
（a） species interdependence is a point of weakness for some plants， but is generally beneficial to insects involved in pollination.
（b） efforts to control the spruce budworm have had deleterious effects on the red-osier dogwood.
（c） the used of pesticides may be endangering certain plant species dependent on insects for pollination.
（d） the spraying of pesticides can reduce the fecundity of a plant species， but probably does not affect its overall population stability.
（e） plant species lacking key factors in their defenses against human environmental disruption will probably become extinct.
2. according to the author， a flowering plant species whosefecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying maynot experience an overall population decline if the plantspecies can do which of the following？
（a） reproduce itself by means of shoots and runners.
（b） survive to the end of the growing season.
（c） survive in harsh climates.
（d） respond to the fecundity decline by producing more flowers.
（e） attract large insects as pollinators
3. the passage suggests that the lack of an observed decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood strengthens the researchers conclusions regarding pesticide use because the
（a） creeping dogwood its a species that does not resemble other forest plants
（b） creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a broader range of insect species than are most dogwood species
（c） creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions that were not sprayed with pesticide， and so served as a control for the experiment
（d） creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier dogwood， but its insect pollinators are known to be insensitive to the pesticide used in the study
（e） geographical range of the creeping dogwood is similar to that of the red-osier dogwood， but the latter species relies less on seeds for reproduction
4. the passage suggests that which of the following is trueof the forest regions in new brunswick sprayed withmost anti-budworm pesticides other than matacil？
（a） the fecundity of some flowering plants in those regions may have decreased to an even greater degree than in the regions where matacil is used.
（b） insect mortality in those regions occurs mostly among the larger species of insects， such as bumblebees.
（c） the number of seeds produced by common plant species in those regions is probably comparable to the number produced where matacil is sprayed.
（d） many more plant species have become extinct in those regions than in the regions where matacil is used.
（e） the spruce budworm is under better control in those regions than in the regions where matacil is sprayed.
5. it can be inferred that which of the following is true ofplant fecundity as it is defined in the passage？
（a） a plant‘s fecundity decreases as the percentage of unpollinated flowers on the plant increases
（b） a plant‘s fecundity decreases as the number of flowers produced by the plant decreases.
（c） a plant‘s fecundity increases as the number of flowers produced by the plant increases.
（d） a plant‘s fecundity is usually low if the plant relies on a small number of insect species for pollination.
（e） a plant‘s fecundity is high if the plant can reproduce quickly by means of vegetative growth as well as by the production of seeds.
6. it can be inferred from the passage that which of thefollowing plant species would be least likely toexperience a decrease in fecundity as a result of thespraying of a pesticide not directly toxic to plants？
（a） a flowering tree pollinated by only a few insect species
（b） a kind of insect-pollinated vine producing few flowers
（c） a wind-pollinated flowering tree that is short-lived
（d） a flowering shrub pollinated by a large number of insect species
（e） a type of wildflower typically pollinated by larger insects
7. which of the following assumptions most probably underlies the author‘s tentative recommendation in lines 51-54？
（a） human activities that result in environmental disruption should be abandoned.
（b） the use of pesticides is likely to continue into the future.
（c） it is economically beneficial to preserve endan-gered plant species.
（d） preventing the endangerment of a species is less costly than trying to save an already endangered one.
（e） conservation efforts aimed at preserving a few well-chosen species are more cost-effective than are broader-based efforts to improve the environment.
passage 21
bernard bailyn has recently reinterpreted the earlyhistory of the united states by applying new socialresearch findings on the experiences of europeanmigrants. in his reinterpretation， migration becomes the（5）organizing principle for rewriting the history of prein-dustrial north america. his approach rests on fourseparate propositions.
the first of these asserts that residents of earlymodern england moved regularly about their coun-（10） tryside； migrating to the new world was simply a“natural spillover.” although at first the colonies heldlittle positive attraction for the english——they wouldrather have stayed home-by the eighteenth centurypeople increasingly migrated to america because they（15） regarded it as the land of opportunity. secondly， bailynholds that， contrary to the notion that used to flourish inamerica history textbooks， there was never a typicalnew world community. for example， the economic and demographic character of early new england towns（20） varied considerably.
bailyn‘s third proposition suggests two generalpatterns prevailing among the many thousands ofmigrants： one group came as indentured servants，another came to acquire land. surprisingly， bailyn（25） suggests that those who recruited indentured servantswere the driving forces of transatlantic migration. thesecolonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social char-acter of people who came to preindustrial north america.at first， thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited；（30） by the 1730’s， however， american employers demandedskilled artisans.
finally， bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the european culture system. heis undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were（35） part of an anglo-american empire. but to divide theempire into english core and colonial periphery， asbailyn does， devalues the achievements of colonialculture. it is true， as bailyn claims， that high culture inthe colonies never matched that in england. but what（40） of seventeenth-century new england， where the settlerscreated effective laws， built a distinguished university，and published books？ bailyn might respond that newengland was exceptional. however， the ideas and insti-tutions developed by new england puritans had power-（45） ful effects on north american culture.
although bailyn goes on to apply his approach tosome thousands of indentured servants who migratedjust prior to the revolution， he fails to link their experi-ence with the political development of the united states.（50） evidence presented in his work suggests how we mightmake such a connection. these indentured servants weretreated as slaves for the period during which they hadsold their time to american employers. it is not surprisingthat as soon as they served their time they passed up（55） good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure theirpersonal independence by acquiring land. thus， it is inthe west that a peculiarly american political culturebegan， among colonists who were suspicious ofauthority and intensely antiaristocratic.
1. which of the following statements about migrants to colonial north america is supported by information in the passage？
（a） a larger percentage of migrants to colonial north america came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
（b） migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
（c） migrants to colonial north america were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seven-tenth century.
（d） by the 1730‘s， migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by american employers than were unskilled laborers.
（e） a significant percentage of migrants who came to the colonies to acquire land were forced to work as field hands for prosperous american farmers.
2. the author of the passage states that bailyn failed to
（a） give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and england
（b） describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the united states
（c） take advantage of social research on the experi-ences of colonists who migrated to colonial north america specifically to acquire land
（d） relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the united states
（e） investigate the lives of europeans before they came to colonial north america to determine more adequately their motivations for migrating
3. which of the following best summarizes the author‘s evaluation of bailyn’s fourth proposition？
（a） it is totally implausible.
（b） it is partially correct.
（c） it is highly admirable.
（d） it is controversial though persuasive.
（e） it is intriguing though unsubstantiated.
4. according to the passage， bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the cultureof colonial new england？
（a） high culture in new england never equaled the high culture of england.
（b） the cultural achievements of colonial new england have generally been unrecognized by historians.
（c） the colonists imitated the high culture of england，and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
（d） the southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of new england.
（e） new england communities were able to create laws and build a university， but unable to create anything innovative in the arts.
5. according to the passage， which of the following is true of english migrants to the colonies during the eighteenth century？
（a） most of them were farmers rather than trades people or artisans.
（b） most of them came because they were unable to find work in england.
（c） they differed from other english people in that they were willing to travel.
（d） they expected that the colonies would offer them increased opportunity.
（e） they were generally not as educated as the people who remained in england.
6. the author of the passage is primarily concerned with
（a） comparing several current interpretations of early american history
（b） suggesting that new social research on migration should lead to revisions in current interpretations of early american history
（c） providing the theoretical framework that is used by most historians in understanding early american history
（d） refuting an argument about early american history that has been proposed by social historians
（e） discussing a reinterpretation of early american history that is based on new social research on migration
7. it can be inferred from the passage that americanhistory textbooks used to assert that
（a） many migrants to colonial north america were not successful financially
（b） more migrants came to america out of religious or political conviction that came in the hope of acquiring land
（c） new england communities were much alike in terms of their economics and demographics
（d） many migrants to colonial north america failed to maintain ties with their european relations
（e） the level of literacy in new england communities was very high
8. the author of the passage would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements about bailyn‘swork？
（a） bailyn underestimates the effects of puritan thought on north american culture
（b） bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on great britain.
（c） bailyn‘s description of the colonies as part of an anglo-american empire is misleading and incorrect.
（d） bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial north america.
（e） bailyn overemphasizes the experiences of migrants to the new england colonies， and neglects the southern and the western parts of the new world.
passage 22
many united states companies have， unfortunately，made the search for legal protection from importcompetition into a major line of work. since 1980 theunited states international trade commission （itc）（5） has received about 280 complaints alleging damagefrom imports that benefit from subsidies by foreigngovernments. another 340 charge that foreign compa-nies “dumped” their products in the united states at“less than fair value.” even when no unfair practices（10） are alleged， the simple claim that an industry has beeninjured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.
contrary to the general impression， this quest forimport relief has hurt more companies than it hashelped. as corporations begin to function globally， they（15） develop an intricate web of marketing， production， andresearch relationships， the complexity of these relation-ships makes it unlikely that a system of import relieflaws will meet the strategic needs of all the units underthe same parent company.
（20）internationalization increases the danger that foreigncompanies will use import relief laws against the verycompanies the laws were designed to protect. suppose aunited states-owned company establishes an overseasplant to manufacture a product while its competitor（25） makes the same product in the united states. if thecompetitor can prove injury from the imports——andthat the united states company received a subsidy froma foreign government to build its plant abroad-theunited states company‘s products will be uncompeti-（30） tive in the united states， since they would be subject toduties.
perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the itcinvestigated allegations that canadian companies wereinjuring the united states salt industry by dumping（35） rock salt， used to de-ice roads. the bizarre aspect of thecomplaint was that a foreign conglomerate with unitedstates operations was crying for help against a unitedstates company with foreign operations. the “unitedstates” company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a（40） dutch conglomerate， while the “canadian” companiesincluded a subsidiary of a chicago firm that was thesecond-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
1. the passage is chiefly concerned with
（a） arguing against the increased internationalization of united states corporations
（b） warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences
（c） demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than united states firms receive from the united states government
（d） advocating the use of trade restrictions for “dumped” products but not for other imports
（e） recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices
2. it can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the international trade commission is which of the following？
（a） a foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.
（b） a foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the united states.
（c） a foreign competitor is selling products in the united states at less than fair market value.
（d） the company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the united states.
（e） the company requesting import relief has been barred from exporting products to the country of its foreign competitor.
3. the last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage？
（a） it summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.
（b） it presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.
（c） it discusses an exceptional case in which the results expected by the author of the passage were not obtained.
（d） it introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.
（e） it cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.
4. the passage warns of which of the following dangers？
（a） companies in the united states may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.
（b） companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.
（c） companies that are united states-owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.
（d） companies that are not united states-owned may seek legal protection from import competition under united states import relief laws.
（e） companies in the united states that import raw materials may have to pay duties on those materials.
5. the passage suggests that which of the following ismost likely to be true of united states trade laws？
（a） they will eliminate the practice of “dumping” products in the united states.
（b） they will enable manufacturers in the united states to compete more profitably outside the united states.
（c） they will affect united states trade with canada more negatively than trade with other nations.
（d） those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company.
（e） those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result.
6. it can be inferred from the passage that the authorbelieves which of the following about the complaintmentioned in the last paragraph？
（a） the itc acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation.
（b） the complaint violated the intent of import relief laws.
（c） the response of the itc to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant.
（d） the itc did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case.
（e） each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest.
7. according to the passage， companies have the general impression that international trade commission importrelief practices have
（a） caused unpredictable fluctuations in volumes of imports and exports
（b） achieved their desired effect only under unusual circumstances
（c） actually helped companies that have requested import relief
（d） been opposed by the business community
（e） had less impact on international companies than the business community expected
8. according to the passage， the international trade commission is involved in which of the following？
（a） investigating allegations of unfair import competition
（b） granting subsidies to companies in the united states that have been injured by import competition
（c） recommending legislation to ensure fair
（d） identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the united states
（e） assisting corporations in the united states that wish to compete globally
