passage 15
in the two decades between 1910 and 1930， overten percent to the black population of the united statesleft the south， where the preponderance of the blackpopulation had been located， and migrated to northern（5） states， with the largest number moving， it is claimed，between 1916 and 1918. it has been frequently assumed，but not proved， that the majority of the migrants inwhat has come to be called the GREat migration camefrom rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent（10） factors： the collapse of the cotton industry followingthe boll weevil infestation， which began in 1898， andincreased demand in the north for labor followingthe cessation of european immigration caused by theoutbreak of the first world war in 1914. this assump-（15） tion has led to the conclusion that the migrants‘ subse-quent lack of economic mobility in the north is tied torural background， a background that implies unfamil-iarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
but the question of who actually left the south has（20） never been rigorously investigated. although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southernareas to southern cities prior to the great migration.no one has considered whether the same migrants thenmoved on to northern cities. in 1910 over 600，000（25） black workers， or ten percent of the black work force，reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturingand mechanical pursuits，” the federal census categoryroughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. thegreat migration could easily have been made up entirely（30） of this group and their families. it is perhaps surprisingto argue that an employed population could be enticedto move， but an explanation lies in the labor conditionsthen prevalent in the south.
about thirty-five percent of the urban black popu-（35） lation in the south was engaged in skilled trades. some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths.masons， carpenters-which had had a monopoly ofcertain trades， but they were gradually being pushedout by competition， mechanization， and obsolescence，（40） the remaining sixty-five percent， more recently urban-ized， worked in newly developed industries——tobacco.lumber， coal and iron manufacture， and railroads.wages in the south， however， were low， and blackworkers were aware， through labor recruiters and the（45）black press， that they could earn more even as unskilledworkers in the north than they could as artisans in thesouth. after the boll weevil infestation， urban blackworkers faced competition from the continuing influxof both black and white rural workers， who were driven（50） to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.thus， a move north would be seen as advantageousto a group that was already urbanized and steadilyemployed， and the easy conclusion tying their subse-quent economic problems in the north to their ruralbackground comes into question.
1. the author indicates explicitly that which of thefollowing records has been a source of information inher investigation？
（a） united states immigration service reports from 1914 to 1930
（b） payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between1910 and 1930
（c） the volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
（d） the federal census of 1910
（e） advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910
2. in the passage， the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument？
（a） it is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the great migration.
（b） the eventual economic status of the great migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
（c） it is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
（d） it is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.
（e） of the black workers living in southern cities， only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
3. according to the passage， which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910？
（a） they were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
（b） they had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
（c） they had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
（d） they had increased in large southern cities butdecreased in small southern cities.
（e） they had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
4. the author cites each of the following as possible influences in a black worker‘s decision to migrate north in the great migration except
（a） wage levels in northern cities
（b） labor recruiters
（c） competition from rural workers
（d） voting rights in northern states
（e） the black press
5. it can be inferred from the passage that the “easyconclusion” mentioned in line 53 is based on whichof the following assumptions？
（a） people who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
（b） most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
（c） people with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
（d） most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.
（e） people who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of country seldom undertake a second migration.
6. the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） support an alternative to an accepted methodology
（b） present evidence that resolves a contradiction
（c） introduce a recently discovered source of information
（d） challenge a widely accepted explanation
（e） argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
7. according to information in the passage， which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers，from highest paid to lowest paid， in the period between 1910 and 1930？
（a） artisans in the north； artisans in the south； unskilled workers in the north； unskilled workers in the south
（b） artisans in the north and south； unskilled workers in the north； unskilled workers in the south
（c） artisans in the north； unskilled workers in the north； artisans in the south
（d） artisans in the north and south； unskilled urban workers in the north； unskilled rural workers in the south
（e） artisans in the north and south， unskilled rural workers in the north and south； unskilled urban workers in the north and south
8. the material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics？
（a） the reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the great migration
（b） the effect of migration on the regional economies of the united states following the first world war
（c） the transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the great migration
（d） the transformation of the agricultural south following the boll weevil infestation
（e） the disappearance of the artisan class in the united states as a consequence of mechanization in the early twentieth century
考完几天不到就收到email说作文成绩出来了。然后链接过去看了一下。5.5。马马虎虎了。这个成绩也没什么悬念。我感觉如果issue部分结尾不是比较匆忙的话。应该可以拿满分。(考试时点完next都没来得及点confirm就时间到了，汗。)
anyway,说一点心得:
准备awa我用的材料是下载的那个范文。是有argument 109篇 issue 115篇那个版本。后来有个同学提醒我题库更新过什么的。不过我实在没有多余时间再去找。所以一直就用了一开始下的那个。
awa的准备我还是比较重视的。一直和verbal其他三部分同时进行贯穿了整个一个月的复习。方法也比较土。就是强迫自己把手上所有的范文都过了一遍每天4篇argument 4篇issue。看到后半部分就感觉对套路十分熟悉了。熟悉到看得想吐出来。但还是坚持看完了。其中对argument在写作过程中可以从哪些方面进攻自己归纳了一下。十来条吧。
然后两部分随机各选了10个topic，控制时间，自己练了一下。我没有模板，就是从头写到尾，练习时没有觉得时间紧，但是字数也不多，我统计了一下自己写的，平均就是300出头，加上prep模考，也就是考试前各写了12篇。
考前开始看jj。argument我把握很大。就没怎么看。主要把jj里涉及的issue题全部列出来。因为我始终担心issue的时候有论点没论据写不出来，没办法。社会经验少哇。总共列出来20多个issue题目。考前三天，临睡前，我老公躺在床上摸着肚皮。给我把这20多个题目怎么立论怎么论证可以举哪些例子全讲了一遍。心里有底多了。
考试时两篇都属jj范围。argument比较顺利。issue那篇最后有点赶。结尾仓促。我现在想，基本上就是argument拿了6，issue拿了5，平均下来是5.5。不知是不是这样算的。
总结一下：
我是行为主义者，我相信刺激-反应-再刺激-再反应。如此熟能生巧，建议每天花30分钟看范文，循序渐进潜移默化的你就知道该怎么写了。
我是实用主义者。现在回过头想想，我应该就练jj里的题目，而不是自己随机选topic。这样有的放矢并医谠际奔渎铩?
我是极简主义者，我从小，写作文都写不长，通过toefl和gmat作文我的亲身经历。我想字数并不是那么重要的。300应该就ok了。我打字不快。到现在都不会盲打。考试时也是边想边打以保证质量。所以我觉得作文胜在结构清晰，论据合理，修辞得当。
