英语课堂之现在完成时讲解
同学们,我们已经学习了现在进行时、一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时这4种时态的用法,但这4种时态还不能满足我们表达的需要。比如:表示“某人过去曾经做过某事”或者“某人做某事多久”,以上四种时态就派不上用场了。这时,我们可以用一种新的时态——现在完成时表示。
一、初识现在完成时
1、我在四中工作。(一般现在时)
I work in No. 4 Middle School.
2、我两年前在四中工作。(一般过去时)
I worked in No.4 Middle School two years ago.
3、别打扰我,我现在在工作。(现在进行时)
I am working now. Don’t bother me.
4、我毕业后将在四中工作。(一般将来时)
I am going to /will work in No. 4 Middle School after I graduate.
5、我已经在四中工作了十年。(现在完成时)
I have already worked in No.4 Middle School for ten years.
二、现在完成时的构成
(一)肯定式
主语+助动词have /has +过去分词+其它
温馨提示:这里的have /has是助动词,没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。 has,have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样,不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。
We've just cleaned the classroom .我们刚好打扫了教室。(表明现在教室是干净的)
(二)否定式
主语+助动词have /has+not+过去分词+其它
温馨提示:现在完成时构成否定句时,只需在助动词have /has后面加not就行。have not,has not的缩略式分别为haven't ,hasn't。另外,肯定句中有some,already时,改为否定时要分别改成any,yet。
I haven't finished my homework yet.我还没有完成我的作业。
注:有时not可以用never代替,表示“从来没有”的意思。又如:
I have never seen him before.以前我从来没有见过他。
(三)一般疑问式
助动词Have /Has +主语+过去分词+其它 ?
温馨提示:把陈述句中的have或has放到句首,句末打问号,同时把句中的some ,already改为any ,yet就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ,主语+have/has.否定回答用“No,主语+haven't/hasn't.”有时也可以用“No,not yet./No ,never./No,not even once.”等。
1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾经做过饺子吗?
—Yes ,I have .是的,我做过。
2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾经出过国吗?
—No,never.不,从来没有。
温馨提示:当句中有否定词not ,hardly(几乎不),never的时候,在改为反意疑问句时,附加部分用肯定形式。
You have never come to our school ,have you ?
三、现在完成时中的标志性的词语
1. 表示时间的一些副词.
already. 已经 ,多用于肯定句.(有时用于疑问句和否定句中表惊奇. )
yet 已经, 用于疑问句; 还没有,用于否定句.
ever 曾经,用于疑问句中.
just “刚”, “才”, 置于句中.
before “以前” 放于句末.
2. 表示时间的一些名词或词组.
1) 包括现在在内的一些词或词组.
now, today, this week, this month, this year等
2) 表示次数的名词或词组.
once, twice, three times, several times 等
3.与现在完成时连用的表时间的介词短语
1) for+时段
2) since+时刻
3) since+时段+ago
4) 表示 “近…时间以来” 用
in/during the last/ past+…时间
4. since引导的时间状语从句,表示 “自从…以来”, 从句表示动作的起点,用一般过去时.
四、现在完成时的用法
(一):表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
此时,常与时间副词already(已经) ,yet(还、已经) ,just(刚刚、仅仅) ,ever(曾经) ,never(从不) ,before(以前)等连用。这几个副词的用法如下:
1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。
I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)
2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。
The woman hasn't found her dog yet .
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)
3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。
4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。
Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去过香港吗?
5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。
I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。
Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去过海南吗?
(二)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
此时常与“for +一段时间或“since+过去的点时间或从句(从句用一般过去时)以及so far(到目前为止)等时间状语连用。
1. for + 段时间 since +点时间
I've lived here since 1990.自从1990年以来我就住在这里。
= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
注意:①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续,故不能与for(达到;累计)或since(自从到现在)引出的时间状语连用。对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long。
2.与for和since连用必须使用延续性动词
先看两个例句:
1) 他入团两年了。
误:He has joined the League for two years.
正:He has been a League member for two years.
2)我买这辆自行车三年了。
误:I have bought this bike for three years.
正:I have had this bike for three years.
这就要求我们必须要掌握常见的短暂性动词变延续性动词的动词及方法。非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用,但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词,如:
come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out,
leave→be away, begin / start→be on,
stop→ be over,buy→ have, borrow→ keep,
open→be open, close→be closed,
join→be a member of, die→be dead,
catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know,
become a teacher →be a teacher,
fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。
五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去,那么这两种时态有什么区别呢?
1.一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如:yesterday连用;强调动作在过去发生,与现在无关。
2.现在完成时与自已的特征词连用,强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。
He saw the film last night. (过去时,表示他昨晚看过那部电影了,现在不知还要不要再看一次)
He has (ever) seen the film before.(现在完成时,表时他已看过那部电影,现在不想再看了)
六、have been to与have gone to 的区别
1.have been to 曾经去过
如: She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)
We have been to
2.have gone to 已经去了
如:She has gone to Shanghai.(表示现在人不在这里)
3.have been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).
常和for ten days, since I came here等连用.
She has been in
七、现在完成时快记歌
have/has+过分, 否定not 助后跟.
疑问跑到主语前, 肯否回答细区分.
何时才用完成时, 用前标志验正身.
already,yet 和before,Just,ever 和never
一次两次三四次, for 和since记在心
in the past..和so far, 观其用法需谨慎.
How long, since还有for,短暂动词变延伸.
since后面过去时, 完成时态不跟when
过去时态重过去, 完成时态重当今.
八、现在完成时练习题
I
.按要求转换下列各句,每空一词。
1. I have already finished the work.(改为否定句)
I________finished the work________.
2.They have found the lost books already.(改为一般疑问句,并作否定回答)
______ they _______ the lost books _______?No,they________.
3.Julia has not got home from school yet.(改为肯定句)
Julia ______ _______ ________ home from school .
4.You have never been to Shanghai before,_________ _________ ?(改为反意疑问句)
5. He’s gone to Beijing, ______ ______?(改为反意疑问句)
6.Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999.(改为同义句)
Mr Wang _________ _________ English in this school since 1999.
7. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (对划线提问)
_________ _________ _________ they_________here?
1.haven’t, yet. 2.Have, found, yet, haven’t. 3.has, already,got.
4.have, you. 5.hasn’t he. 6.has, taught. 7. how, long, have, lived.
II.选择正确答案。
1.—How do you like Beijing ,Mr Black?
—Oh ,I ____ such a beautiful city .
A.don't visit B.didn't visit C.haven't visited D.hadn't visited
2.The old people ____ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week.
A.don't feel B.hasn't felt C.haven't felt D.didn’t feel
3.We have lived here ____ five years ago.
A.when B.since C.before D.after
4. I ____ this book for two weeks. I have to return it now.
A.borrowed B. have borrowed C.kept D.have kept
5. ---Is your father a Party member?
---yes, he ____ the Party three years ago. He ____ a Party member for three years.
A.joined , has been B.has joined , has been
C.was joined, is D.joined , was
6. My father____ home for nearly three weeks.
A. has gone away from B. has left
C. has been away from D. went away
7. Mr. and Mrs. Green have _____in
A. been B. got C. arrived D. reached
8. --Where's Mary? --Oh, she _____the library.
A. has gone to B. went to C. has been to D. had gone to