| Reading Passage 2 | |
| Title: | 性格培养 |
| Question types: | Matching |
| 文章内容回顾 | 人们的personality能改变，每一段讲一个人做了点什么，personality就改变了。 |
| 英文原文阅读 | Some debates have pervaded the field of psychology since its genesis. Perhaps one of the most salient ones deals with the nature of personality. Personality psychology studies one's distinctive style of cognition, behavior, and affect. However, this concept elicits discord among psychologists as some have insisted that it does not exist, while others struggle with issues of measurement. Personality, one's characteristic way of feeling, behaving and thinking, is often conceptualized as a person's standing on each Big Five trait (extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness). A person's personality profile is thus gauged from his standing on five broad concepts which predict, among other life outcomes, behavior and the quality of interpersonal relationships. Initially, it was believed that one's Big Five profile was static and dichotomous in that one was either at one extreme of each trait or another For example, people are typically categorized as introverted or extraverted. Personality was therefore assessed in terms of generalities or averages. In noticing the strong inconsistencies in how people behaved across situations, some psychologists dismissed personality as nonexistent. This school of thought attributes human behavior to environmental factors, relegating individual differences to situational artifacts and contesting the existence of individual predispositions. It was led by situationists like Walter Mischel (1968). Their contention held that personality was a fictitious concept. For them, the discrepancies observed across one's behaviors were evidence that interindividual differences did not exist. Some aspects of the situationist perspective even suggest that all human beings are the same and that the differences we observe are simply illusory biproducts of the environment. However, personologists soon integrated these inconsistencies into their conceptualization of personality. They modified the old, more monolithic construct by measuring how people differ across situations. Their new methods of personality assessment describe fluctuations in personality characteristics as consistent and predictable for each person based on the environment he is in and his predispositions. Some work suggests that people can espouse different levels of a personality dimension as the social situations and time of day change. Therefore, someone is not conscientious all the time, but can be conscientious at work and a lot less so when she is home. This work also suggests that intrapersonal variations on a trait can be even larger than interpersonal variations. Extraversion varies more within a person than across individuals, for example. This work was based on individual self-ratings during the day across a long period of time. This allowed for researchers to assess moment-to-moment and day to day variations on personality attributes. Personologists now tend to agree that people's personalities are variegated and are not be conceptualized through bipolar characterizations (e.g. extraversion vs introversion). Rather people oscillate between the two extremes of a trait. The pattern of this oscillation then constitutes personality. |
| 题型难度分析 | 据考生回顾，本篇文章也不是很好做，耗费时间比较长。 |
| 题型技巧分析 | Matching题分为一方是特殊定位词的配对，分类题，段落配标题，段落细节信息定位。一方是特殊定位词的配对主要有人名配观点，时间配事件，地点配事件。这次考试中据考生回忆本篇文章有人名配观点。这种题目在做的时候要注意以下几点： 1. 审题，读Instruction。一般来说，都会有You may use any letter more than once. 遇到这个大写的一行字时，提醒考生一般本题中肯定会有一个字母用两次的，而且只有一个字母会重复。 2. 迅速浏览人名。在文章中圈出人名。 3. 通读配对另一方，划出关键词。 4. 在文章中圈出的人名旁找相应信息与关键词进行匹配。 |
| 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 | 剑3 Test4 Passage1 |
