托福作文：Jeenn Lee Hsieh 考古讲义
题库：1. 为何上大学?2. 父母是良师?
作文开头第一句话尽量不落俗套
要大胆尝试不要怕错只怕不习作
没有听说过作文考试只能有一个正确的方式答题。猫头鹰从托福考古题库(185)中举出第一道和第二道真题，因为发现相关的范文数量特别大，答题的思路也特别多。看来即使思路因人而异，多数答案都算正确，当然考官的评分是另外一回事(不在话下)。
夜猫子浏览网页，每当目击引言，如果顿时好像不来电则立即转移，肯定不会死心继续欣赏而自讨没趣。只有评分考官或批改教师为了饭碗才不得已从头到尾仔细端详。
猫头鹰(夜语)写作实验报告：作文格式求复古，缩小话题;作文内容求新鲜，逻辑连贯。复古是行文的自然好习惯;新鲜的内容比较有趣。
TOEFL Writing Topic No. 1 (from a pool of 185):
一。Topic>为什么上大学?
People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experience, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
(托福官方提示：考生答题时，举出的例子不限于试题中所列。Note No. 103: When you write your answer, you are not limited to the examples listed in the question. 各人上大学的原因也不限于--新经验，职业训练，增加知识。所以，“父母的压力”也可以算是原意原因之一。说错了也无罪!关键是应用英文表达的水平。至于作文，无非是言之有物，言之有理，顺理成章，自圆其说。)
Introduction>引言开头三句话
第一句：Were it not for pressure from their parents, some young people might not consider attending college or university so seriously.
第二句：In those young hearts, it seems that receiving higher education is not the only option in life to get new experience, gain career preparation and increase knowledge.
第三句：However, most parents would never take "No" for an answer, either because they went to college or they did not.
二。TOEFL Writing Topic No. 2 (from a pool of 185):
Topic>父母是最好的老师?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "Parents are the best teachers." Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Introduction>引言开头三句话
第一句：The issue is not about whether parents are the best teachers because they should be.
第二句：Parents are supposed to be "role models" for children to follow, with emphasis on character building from stage to stage.
第三句：Being the best educators means that at one point parents teach their kids to stand up and talk, and then at a later point ask them to just sit down and shut up.
猫头鹰后语》
克服写作的困难贵在勇敢自然，所以要大胆动手，因为爱写才会赢。总之，写作不怕错，只怕不习作。考前久久养成勤练的习惯，习惯成自然，当然也拉近【知易】【行难】的距离，同时增进行文的速度。换句话说，写作分数如果不够理想，毛病可能在于缺少亲自体验英文作文，心里不足以潜移默化，出手不足以交替反应，所以手不从心。
独立英文作文都是论说文。谢振礼老师参考雅思托福的写作评分标准，理解高分概念归纳如下：
IELTS/TOEFL Essays 英文作文 (English Composition) :
A》作文的逻辑=主题+结构+内容
主题：话题要集中的【焦点】
结构：段落要连贯的【组织】
内容：主题要论证的【支持】
B》英文的文法=词汇+句法+修辞
词汇：用字恰当
句法：用句变化
修辞：用语效率
《重复托福雅思的写作的高分标准》
English--英文的应用合乎文法：用语用句用字 (Writing grammatically at rhetorical, syntactic and lexical levels)
1. language effectiveness=rhetoric 用语求修辞效率
TOEFL--displays consistent facility in the use of language
IELTS--uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention
2. sentence variety=syntax 用句求句型变化
TOEFL--demonstrates syntactic variety
IELTS--uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'
3. word choice=lexicon 用字求词汇恰当
TOEFL--demonstrates appropriate word choice
IELTS--uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'
Composition--作文的思维合乎逻辑：主题结构内容 (Thinking logically for a well-focused thesis, well-organized structure, and well-supported content)
1. [a thesis well-focused] 【主题】有集中的【焦点】
TOEFL--effectively addresses the writing task
IELTS--fully addresses all parts of the task
2. [a structure well-organized] 【结构】有段落的【组织】
TOEFL--is well organized and well developed
IELTS--skillfully manages paragraphing
3. [a content well-supported] 【内容】有论证的【支持】
TOEFL--uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas
IELTS--presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas
