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2.1现在完成时态的三种用法
2.1.l完成时态用法
(一)延续到现在的动作或状态
具体来说,这种用法是表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在,而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
(例)An old woman walked out into the middle of the street. The policeman yelled to her,“Don’t you know what it means when I hold up
my hand?”The lady said,“Sure I do. I have a schoolteacher for 28 years now.”
一个老妇人走到了马路中央,这时,一位交警朝着她嚷道:“我都把手举起来了,你难道还不知道什么意思吗?”老太太说:“我当然知道,我都做了28年的老师了”。
2.1.2完成时态用法
(二)过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态
具体来说,这种用法是表示在不确定的过去发生的某一动作对现在仍有影响。谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。这种完成时态是中国学生最难以理解的,也常常和一般过去时混淆不清。
(2)He has blocked his leg.
他的腿跌断了。
Now he is still in hospital,so he can’t go for an outing with his classmates.他现在还在住院,所以不能和同学们一起出去郊游。
2.1.3完成时态用法
(三)到目前的一个时间段内重复发生的动作
具体来说,这种用法是表示到目前为止的一个时间段内重复的动作。
让我们看看克林顿在2002年1月18号发表卸任演说时,是怎样夸耀自己的政绩的:
[例句] In all the work I have done as president, every decision I have made, every executive action I have taken, every bill I have proposed and signed, I’ve tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams, in a good society, with a strong economy, a cleaner environment,and a freer,safer,more prosperous world.(Selection of President Bill Clinton’s farewell
address to the nation on Jan. 18,2001)
[解析] 在这里,克林顿不厌其烦地使用完成时态,是为了表示在他8年的总统任职期间,他“重复不断”地在 have done, have made decisions, have taken action, have proposed and signed bills。
[译文](在过去的8年里)作为总统,我所做的每一项工作、每一个决策,采取的每一个行政措施,以及提议并签署的每一个法案,都是在尽力为美国人民提供途径和创造条件,来实现美国未来的梦想——社会稳定、经济繁荣、环境美好,进而使得全世界更自由、更安全、更繁荣。
2.2 与完成时态搭配的时间状语
现在完成时,通常与下列时间状语搭配,因为它们都可表示过去与现在的联系。
2.2.l since+时间点
(例)I’ve worked in this company since I left school.(从句用一般过去时)
我一毕业就在这家公司工作了。
2.2.2 for+时间段
(例)Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.
近几年,北京发生了很大的变化。
2.2.3“到目前为止…”
例如:until now,up until now,up to now,up till now,so far
(例) We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations.
2.2.4“最近几世纪/年/月以来…”
例如:in the past few years,over the past few years,during the last three months,for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history等。
(例)Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die,for the very nature of life includes death.
自人类历史以来,人类就已经接受生命总要死亡的事实,因为生命的本质就包含了死亡。
真题再现
[例句] The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years,the Worldwide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里有时间状语 for decades和 in the past three or four years,均是与现在完成时搭配。这里的完成时态has given表示的是上述第二个用法,强调现在的结果。
[译文] 最近的这次革命不只是一些人偷看另一些人的电子邮件的问题。这样的电子间谍活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中,国际互联网已经催生出一个可称为点去谍报的完整产业。