Wang Bing: 东航 is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation. Even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight you reserved, you would have missed your important date anyway since your sexy girlfriend was with another attractive date. She overbooked as well.
A principle that, if established, justifies Bing’s response to Ming is that 东航 is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations
A) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the airline overbooked the original flight
B) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a late flight other than the original flight’s being canceled due to flood at the airport
C) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight
D) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were that the original flight is canceled due to a flood at the airport
E) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight
The question asks for part of a principle, according to which an airline has a moral obligation to reimburse a bumped passenger. Secondly we know the principle should support Bing's position and refute Ming's remarks. Therefore, we should find an excuse for the airline to deny its obligation to reimburse passengers like Ming. One possibility is to define a necessary condition under which Ming's situation does not apply. C) does just that because the word "solely." Even if the first flight had not been overbooked, Ming could not have taken off anyway. Something other than overbooking seats caused Ming to take the second flight.
4. One approach to the question of which objects discussed by physics are real is to designate as real all and only those entities posited by the most explanatorily powerful physics theory. But since most physical theories contain entities posited solely on theoretical grounds, this approach is flawed.
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning above:
A) Any object that is posited by a physical theory and that enhances the explanatory power of that theory should be designated as real.
B) Objects posited for theoretical reasons only should never be designated as real.
C) A physics theory should not posit any entity that does not enhance the explanatory poser of the theory.
D) A physics theory should sometimes posit entities on grounds other than theoretical ones.
E) Only objects posited by explanatorily powerful theories should be designated as real.
The main conclusion of the passage is that the approach presented is flawed. First, you need to know what is the flawed approach. The approach states that in physics only objectes with the most powerful theory chould be called real. The reason for its flaw lies in the fact that most physics theories have things that are posited solely on theoretical grounds. If B) is true, then most physics theories cannot yearld real objects. If so, the approach mentioned is useless for most physics theories.
答案：1) E 2) B 3) C 4) B
