(四)细节理解题
细节理解题在高考阅读理解题中占有相当大的比例。从2007·全国各地的试题来看，细节理解题占全部阅读理解题的50%还多。细节理解题一般是根据短文提供的信息和事实提问的。细节题可分为两种类型：一种是答案几乎可以直接出短文中获得，正确答案和原文中含相关信息的句子也几乎相同;另一种细节题要复杂一些，有时在原文中找不到同正确选项相近的词，正确答案可能是原文某一事实的结果、原因、前提等。细节理解题的特点是：要选择的答案一定要在短文中找到相关的词、短语、句子或段落。选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息，而绝不是根据自己的主观假设或推测或是自己的观点来决定。在阅读过程中对一些涉及到who, what, when, where, how, why等常考的细节内容做适当标记，以便于解题时迅速、准确的查找。
常见的命题方式：
According to the author, who/what/when/ where/which/why/how…?
Which of the following statements is true/not true?
The statement made by the author is based on the evidence/example/fact that_____
Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the text?
The author states all of the following EXCEPT_________
当问题中含有not,except,but等表示否定、排除等意义的词时，需要进行逆向思维。因此，一定要保持思维清晰、认真审题，不要武断。
【典例1】 Despite the fact that it has never been seen almost everyone is familiar with the legendary unicorn(独角兽). Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating from ancient times. The great philosopher Aristotle theorized that there were two types of unicorn--- the so-called Indian Ass and the Oryx, a kind of antelope. Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noble family, town council or university as their special sign. Even Scotland is represented by a unicorn。
According to the legend, anyone attempting to catch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious as it has a reputation for being very fierce. A clever trick suggested by unicorn-trappers, in order to catch this magnificent beast without being hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged. Hopefully, the creature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree。
… (2008·江西卷)
56. Which of the following is TRUE of the unicorn?
A. It was not historically recorded
B. Its horn was first used in France
C. It was similar to the Indian Ass and the Oryx
D. It could be the symbol of a university
57. To catch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT ____。
A. tempting the unicorn to attack
B. making use of the tree as a protection
C. hiding quickly behind the unicorn
D. having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree
【解析】 本文为一篇说明文，主要介绍了传说中的独角兽，如何捕捉，以及独角兽角的用途等。56. D 细节理解题。A项错误是因为与第一段第二句不吻合;B项错误是因为与第三段中的事实不符，文中只提到了the French court用了unicornhorn，时间是the French Revolution in 1789，并未说这是第一次使用;C项错在与第一段不符，文中只提到了Aristotle的理论阐述，并没有说人们对the Indian Ass和the Oryx熟悉;D项与第一段倒数第二句内容吻合。对细节考查通常涉及一些长难句，对此，不要惊慌，首先判断是简单句还是复合句，若是简单句，先找句子的主、谓、宾，理解其主要意义，再加附属成分的意义。若是复合句，先判断从句，再分析各自的意义，最后联合整句意义。对于细节理解题要认真，周全考虑方能选取正确答案。这种题的正确选项往往是原文意义的不同表现形式。干扰项常是以下几种情况：选项本身正确，但不符合题干要求;选项本身错误或原文根本没有提到;选项中含有原文信息，但其中个别词描述的不准确，这种选项的干扰性最强，考生在答题时要十分注意。
57. C 细节理解题。A项正确是因为与第二段中提到的the hunter的诱捕行为吻合，即stand in front of a tree来引诱unicorn的攻击，其目的就是catch a unicorn;B项正确是因为 the hunter 引诱unicorn来攻击而后move quickly behind it(the tree)，其目的就是利用the tree作为掩护，而不是躲到unicorn的后面，所以C项错误;D项正确是因为与第二段最后一句吻合。问题中有时含有NOT，EXCEPT，BUT等表示否定、排除等意义的词语，需要进行逆向思维。因此，一定要保持思维清晰，认真审题，不宜匆忙武断。
【典例2】Young adult filmmakers all hope to show their works in international festivals like Sundance and Toronto. But what about really young filmmakers who aren’t in film school yet and aren’t, strictly speaking, even adults?
They are at the heart of Wingspan Arts Kids Films Festival, tomorrow, in a setting any director might envy: Lincoln Center. Complete with “red carpet” interviews and various awards, the festival has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers, except for the age of the participants: about 8 to 18。
“What’s really exciting is that it’s film for kids by kids,” said Cori Gardner, managing director of Wingspan Arts, a nonprofit organization offering youth arts programs in the New York area. This year the festival will include films not only from Wingspan but also from other city organizations and one from a middle school in Arlington, Virginia. “We want to make this a national event,” Ms. Gardner added。
…
The festival will end with an open reception at which other films will be shown. These include a music video and full-length film whose title is Pressures. (2008·山东卷)
56. Wingspan Arts Kids Film Festival ____。
A. is organized by a middle school
B. is as famous as the Toronto Festival
C. shows films made by children
D. offers awards to film school students
57. Which of the following is true of Wingspan Arts?
A. It helps young filmmakers to make money。
B. It provides arts projects for young people。
C. It’s a media arts and leadership-training group。
D. It’s a national organization for young people。
60. At the end of this film festival, there will be ____。
A. various awards B. “red carpet” interviews
C. an open reception D. a concert at Lincoln Center
【解析】 本文主要讲述了由孩子们拍摄的电影，并在电影节上展示的事情。56. C细节理解题。由第二段最后一句话和第三段第一句话“…the festival has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers, except for the age of the participants: about 8 to 18。“What’s really exciting is that it’s film for kids by kids,”可知Wingspan Arts Kids Films Festivals是专门由孩子制作电影然后，专门为孩子播放带来艺术享受的节日。57. B 细节理解题。由第三段第二句话“…Wingspan Arts, a nonprofit organization offering youth arts programs in the New York area”可知Wingspan Arts是一个非盈利为目的的为青少年提供艺术项目的纽约的组织。60.C 细节理解题。由最后一段的“The festival will end with an open reception at which other films will be shown”可知电影节结束时会举办一次开放的招待会，届时将会有其它的电影上映。在读文章之前先读题，对要考查的细节部分做简要记录，这样，在读文章时才能快而准确地锁定目标信息，以便节省时间和减少反复寻找细节的麻烦。细节理解题中有很多是非题。出题形式：1)三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：Which of the following is true except...? Which of the following is mentioned except...?2) 三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)： Which of the following is true? 解题方法：1)定位法 根据题干或选项中的关键词回归原文，找到相关句，仔细阅读后与选项相比较确定答案。2)固定思路 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系：Which of the following mentioned except...? Which of the following is not mentioned...?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确选项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。
【典例3】 Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics. but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge. it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself。
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about US. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world。
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it。
… (2008·广东卷)
46. You need to build a positive self-image when you _________。
A. dare to challenge yourself
B. feel it hard to change yourself
C. are unconfident about yourself
D. have a high opinion of yourself
47. According to the passage, our self-images _________。
A. have positive effects
B. are probably untrue
C. are often changeable
D. have different functions
【解析】 文章阐述了如何避免消极，并建立积极向上的自我形象。46. C 细节理解题。从Para1 最后一句“If you find that believing yourself is a challenge”可知意思是“缺乏自信”。47. C细节理解题。从Para 2 第二句，“This image includes…”可知，self-image是可变的。选项A，不全面;根据第一段最后一句Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your selfimage and your whole world。可判断C项正确。细节性问题是关于SUPPORTING DETAILS 类的问题，通过SKIMMING找出主题后，应进一步掌握阐述和发展主题的主要事实，或按要求找出特定细节。这类题目常以“wh-”形式来提问，如who, what, when, why及how等形式。这些问题的表达不采用文章中的原话提问，而是使用同义词语等，因此，在选择答案前应首先看清题干，然后在查读时寻找与题目相关的关键词语;最后，在充分理解原文、原题的基础上选定正确的答案。当然，这类细节性问题涉及的面很广。有的涉及数字计算，如时间、距离、次数、数量等，对这类问题须认真计算后方可选定正确答案;有的涉及正误判断，要先看选项，根据选项提供的线索，寻找文中相应部分，最后在题中选出肯定答案;还有的是有关事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之，做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出轻率判断，一定要紧扣文章内容，不可随心所欲。
二、解题方法
1. 先看题干，带着问题读文章。
即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案;而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。
2. 速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。
3。详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。
文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用"画图列表法"，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
4. 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(中心思想，加标题等)和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文;要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测;它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。
