Chapter33.New Zealand(capital: Wellington)惠灵顿
1)New Zealand’s geography:①New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and the South Pole. 新西兰地处南太平洋，位于赤道和南极之间。②The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.It has two main islands:North Island and South Island 新西兰的面积与英国和日本相近。它有2个主要的岛，北岛和南岛 ②Hilly and 3/4 land more than 200 meters above sea level③Three volcanic mountains in North Island: Ruapebh, Ngeaurohoe and Tongariro.④the largest lake: Lake Taupo(托波湖) ⑤the highest peak: Mt Cook in South Island. 3764M⑥the largest river:the Clutha(克鲁沙河) in S.I. and Waikato and the Wanganui in N.I. 1.由2岛组成：北岛和南岛2.多山，3/4地区海拔200米以上3.3座火山在北岛：鲁阿佩胡火山，扭鲁货伊火山和汤加里4.最大的湖：托波湖 5.最高峰：南岛的库克山，海拔3764米 6最大河流：克鲁沙河在南岛，怀卡托河和黄加雷河在北岛。
New Zealand is just west of the International Date Line,so it is the first country to get the new day.
新西兰位于国际日期变更线以西，所以它是世界上第一个迎接新一天到来的国家。
Earthquakes and volcanoes are the most serious potential natural disasters.
地震和火山是新西兰最严重的自然灾害。
2)Characteristics of New Zealand’s climate;①generally temperates.②varied climate: In the far north it is subtropical(亚热带) and in some mountainous areas of South Island it is subarctic(亚寒带)③Rain falls all year round.1.气候温和，2.多样，最北端是亚热带气候，南岛一些山区则是亚寒带气候3.常年下雨
3)Native plants and animals:①”the bush”丛林;native evergreen trees常青树: Kauri(栲李树) ，totara(椭榻拉树), the “cabbage tree”(a giant lily百合科植物).②a nocturnal(awake at nitht) bird that can not fly. It is the national symbol and New Zealander call themselves Kiwis.几维鸟是一种夜间不会飞的鸟，是新西兰的象征③ kiwifruit(新西兰果)：introduced form chinese monkey fruit(弥猴桃).④the only native land mammal are two species of bats.
The red pohutukawa called New Zealand Christmas tree
红色的波赫塔克瓦被称为新西兰的圣诞树
The kiwi is a national symbol and New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.
几维鸟被当作是国家的象征，新西兰人也这样称呼自己
4)Historical background of New Zealand: ①the Maori history and the European history;②The first European to visit new Zealand was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman in 1642;③the first Englishman to visit was Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy in 1769. ④the first offical governor, William Hobson was sent there by the British government in 1840, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi.Modern New Zealand was founded.⑤it was granted internal self-government in 1852.⑥Wellington founded by the first settlers became the capital in 1865.⑦Land war between the Europeans and the Maoris broke out in the 1860s. ⑧Gold was discovered in Otago and Westland, but the gold boom ended in 1870. 1.毛利历史和欧洲历史，2.第一个到达新西兰的欧洲人是荷兰的阿贝尔.塔斯曼，1642年。3.早到达新西兰的英国人是英国皇家海军的詹姆士.库克船长，1769年。4. 1840年第一位总督威廉.赫伯森,代表维多利亚女王和毛利酋长签订了《威坦哲条约》，现代新西兰成立了。1852年，获得内部自治权6.1865年，移民者建立惠灵顿成为首都，7.19世纪60年代欧洲人和毛利人发生土地纠纷，爆发战争。8.1870年，淘金热结束
The Treaty of Waitangi 1840 has three articles
条约的三条内容
1) the Maori people gave the Queen of England the right to make laws for the country
第一，毛利人把立法权交给英国女王
2)promised the Maori own their lands,forests,fisheries and other treasured possessions,if Maori wanted to sell land ,only the Crown had the right to buy。
第二，毛利人拥有自己的土地，森林，渔场和其他财产，如果毛利人想出售他们的财产，只能卖给英国政府。
3)Maoris were granted all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
第三，保证毛利人享有和英国臣民一样的权利
The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.
