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成人高考高起点英语复习同义词解析(2)

2010-12-19 
let 是三个词中最不正式的, 较口语化, 而语意最弱, 指“给予可能或同意”, 有时含“难以阻止或限制”之意……

  retain 较正式, 强调“继续保持”, 特指“保持使不失去或被夺走”, 如:

  he has managed to retain most of his fortune.

  他设法保存了他的大部分财产。

  withhold 强调“保留”、“隐匿”, 指“阻止其离去或泄漏”, 如:

  fear made him withhold the truth.

  恐惧使他不敢说实话。

  reserve 指“为一目的保持, 或保存一段时间”, 如:

  a great future is reserved for you.

  光明的前程在等待着你。

  remain stay

  都指“继续停留”或“继续保持某种状态、关系或行动。”

  remain 常可与stay 互换, 但它强调“继续停留于一处或保持原状态、情况性质而不改变”, 如:

  this place remains cool all summer.

  这个地方整个夏天都凉爽。

  stay强调“某人[物]继续留在原地而不离开”, 如:

  he stayed to see the end of the game.

  他一直呆到比赛结束ability, capacity, faculty, talent, skill, competence, aptitude

  these nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or accomplishment.

  这些名词都表示某人具有取得进步或成功的素质。

  ability is the power, mental or physical, to do something:

  ability 是指智力或体力上具有做某事的能力:

  “to make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. ability alone is insufficient” (ihara saikaku)。

  “要致富,光靠能力是不够的,还得看机遇” (伊哈拉。塞科古)。

  capacity refers to an innate potential for growth, development, or accomplishment:

  capacity 指天赋的,如生长、发展或成功的潜力:

  “not by age but by capacity is wisdom acquired” (plautus)。

  “智慧的获得是依靠才能而不是年龄” (普洛提斯)。

  faculty denotes an inherent power or ability:

  faculty 指内在的力量或能力:

  an unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.

  能无误地看出伪善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。

  talent emphasizes inborn ability, especially in the arts:

  talent 强调天生的才能,尤其是在艺术方面:

  “there is no substitute for talent. industry and all the virtues are of no avail” (aldous huxley)。

  “勤奋及其他的品质都不能弥补天分的不足” (阿尔多斯。赫胥黎)。

  skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience:

  skill 强调由经验而获得或发展的能力:

  “the intellect, character and skill possessed by any man are the product of certain original tendencies and the training which they have received” (edward l. thorndike)。

  “任何人的知识、性格和能力都是由起初的兴趣加上后来接受的训练而得到的。” (爱德华l.桑戴克)。

  competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well:

  competence 指能做到使人满意但并不一定特别出众的能力:

  the concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imagination.

  小提琴家所演奏的协奏曲毫无疑问是出色的,但是缺乏想像力。

  aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning, understanding, or performing:

  aptitude 暗指内在的学习、理解和表演的才能:

  even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.

  甚至孩童时他就显露出非同一般的数学才能

  形容词 complete 和 perfect 虽然都有“完全的”含义,但并非同义词,在许多情况下它们只是词义相近而已。

  complete 的含义是“完整无缺的”、“圆满的”

  he is a complete stranger to me.

  我一点也不认识他。(可以和 perfect 换用)

  before long, the noise dropped completely

  不久,那轰鸣声就完全消失了。

  perfect 不仅可表示“完整无缺”、“完全”或“纯粹”,而且含有“完美无缺”、“匀称”或“健全”的含义,总之它可以表示“尽善尽美”。由上可见, perfect 可以表示 complete 的含义,而 complete 只能表示 perfect 的一部分含义。 但是, a complete stranger 和 a perfect stranger 没有什么差异,complete happiness 和 perfect happiness 都表示了“美满的幸福”。

  but as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too per fect.

  正象他们不久就发现的那样,化装效果有时可能太完美无缺了。

  it is a perfect alibi.

  这完全是在开脱罪责。

  it's a perfect stranger here.

  我在这里完全是个陌生人。(可以换用 complete)

  注:perfect 的同义词有 whole, entire; complete 的同义词有 full, plenary.

  complete, close, end, finish, conclude, terminate

  these verbs mean to bring or to come to a natural or proper stopping point.

  这些动词都是指达到一个自然或适当的终点。

  complete suggests the final stage in bringing an undertaking to fruition:

  complete 暗指取得成功的最后一步:

  “nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime” (reinhold niebuhr)。

  “我们这辈子连一件有意义的事也没完成” (莱因霍尔德。尼泊赫)。

  close applies to the ending of something ongoing or continuing:

  close 指正在进行的事件接近终点:

  the orchestra closed the concert with an encore.

  交响乐团在再来一次的欢呼声中结束了音乐会。

  if there is a further falloff in ticket sales, the play will close.

  如果门票销售进一步下跌,这个剧目就会停演。

  end emphasizes finality:

  end 强调结果:

  we ended the meal with fruit and cheese.

  我们最后吃的是水果和奶酪。

  “where laws end, tyranny begins” (william pitt)。

  “哪里没有法制,暴政就从哪里开始” (威廉姆。皮特)。

  finish is sometimes interchangeable with complete:

  finish 有时可与complete互换:

  close 比较普通,有时可以和shut互换使用,但它更强调“不让某人或某物进入或通过”的意思,有时有“不接纳”的意思,但通常表示“关闭”这一动作

  it's sunday, so all the shops are closed.

  今天是星期天,所以这些店铺都关门了。

  i felt sure i would never be able to close the case again.

  我肯定没有办法再把箱子关上了。

  shut 与 close 的含义差别在于,shut仅表示“关闭”之状态,不包含“不让进入”或“不接纳”的意思

  as soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.

  它一旦从外面把门打开,便走进园子里等着关门。

  在某些习语中,只有 shut 而不用close.

  shut up!

  住口!

  he found every road to the accomplishment of his desire shut against him.

  他发现通向实现自己愿望的所有道路都被堵死了。

  he shut his eyes to the severs reality.

  对于这严峻的现实,他是闭着眼睛不肯看的。

  accompany attend escort convoy

  意思都含“与人结伴同行”或“伴随某物”。

  accompany 指“与人结伴, 做伴”, 常含有彼此之间关系平等之意, 如:

  he -nied her to the theater.

  他陪她去剧院。

  attend 意为“随侍”、“随从” 等解, 如:

  some students attended prof. jones on a field trip.

  一些学生随琼斯教授去野外郊游。

  escort 和 convoy 意为“以警卫等身份陪伴”, 如:

  this merchant ship was convoyed by a destroyer.

  这艘商船由一驱逐舰护航。

  escort 还指礼节上的“尊重或献殷勤”, 如:

  he escorted a lady to a party.

  他陪一位女士赴宴。

  accurate correct exact

  均含“正确的”意思。

  accurate 表示“准确的”,精确的“,指”通过努力, 使事情达到正确“, 如:

  she gave an accurate account of the accident.

  她对事故做了准确的描述。

  correct 为一般用语, 指“正确的”, 如:

  he gave correct answers to the questions.

  他对这些问题提出了正确的答案。

  exact 表示“确切的”,“精确无误的”,指“与事实完全相符”, 如:

  his answer is quite exact.

  他的回答完全正确。

  enough,sufficient,adequate这三个词都表示“足够的”或“充分的”。其中只有enough可以用作副词或名词,含义仍为“足够的”。

  enough和sufficient在含义上几乎没有差异,只是enough的用法较多,这两个词都表示“完全满足需要,而且既不多余,也不缺少”。

  adequate虽然也表示“足够的”、“充分的”,但是和另二词之间有着比较明显的细微差异,因为这个词的内涵是:对于必不可少的东西在数量上应当是合理的、公平的或不苛刻的。five men will be quite enough (or sufficient)。这句话说的是:5个人就十分充足了, 再多给一个人就没有必要了his wages are adequate to support three people. 这句话说的是:他的工资够养活3个人的。即这些钱养活3个人够得上一般生活水平,并不苛刻。可见其差异非常细微。词义差别越细微,表意越准确。例如:“我为他干了3小时的活,他付给我20英镑。我觉得那20英镑的工钱是足够了的”。这两句话在英译时,其中的“足够的”必须用adequate,因为这里说的“足够”包含了“公平、合理”的意思。故这两句可译为:i worked for him three hours, and he paid me 20 pounds. i think the 20 pounds are adequate for my work. 此外, 应注意下面例句中enough的各种用法

  i like to be a professional singer, but i don't think i have a good enough voice.

  我想当个职业歌唱家,但是我觉得我的嗓子不够好。

  a day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.

  一天的开端可能好得很,但突然一切似乎都失去了控制。

  the currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficent sustenance and progress.

  沿着船壁向上引导的以及与航行方向一致的气流足以给这种长有特大翅膀的大鸟以充分的支撑力和前进力。

  our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.

  我们的牧师老是为这事或那事筹募款项,但是从来也没能募集到足够把教堂大钟修复起来的钱。

  the problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. he refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thingthe english gentleman wants to sell. he attends inadequately to technological development.

  向社会提出的问题,与其说是这号人的德行问题,毋宁说是他们是否能胜任其职责的问题,于是便出现了严重的困难。他们不肯充分考虑顾客的需要, 顾客不得不买的不是自己想要买的东西,而是英国绅士所要卖的。他们对技术的发展并不给予充分的注意。

  the majority of the patients attending the medical outpatients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, abox of pills, or a small jar of ointment,…

  在医院门诊部就医的大多数病人认为,如果他们不能带一些实实在在的药物,如一瓶药水、一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话,他们就没得到充分的治疗……

  enough sufficient adequate

  意思都含“充分的”、“足够的”。

  enough 系常用词, 常可与 sufficient 互换, 它除表示“足以满足需要的”外, 还含有“数量很多使人感到心满意足的”的意思, 如:

  we have enough money to spend.

  我们有足够的钱花。

  sufficient 用于正式文体中, 指“分量或数量足以满足需要的”, 如:

  the food is sufficient for a week.

  食物足够一周用。

  adequate 指“足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等”着重“符合一个客观要求或标准的”, 如:

  to be healthy one must have an adequate diet.

  一个人想要健康, 必须有足够的规定饮食。

  advance promote progress proceed

  都含有“前进”的意思。

  advance 指“向某一目标或方向前进的运动或效果, 并常强调前进的终点”, 如:

  our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.

  我们的士兵勇敢地向敌人挺进。

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