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怎样学习意大利语最有效
葡萄牙语来自罗曼语系，大多数词汇来自拉丁语。不过，其他语言亦左右了葡萄牙语发展。
前罗马帝国已有字词
Very few traces of the native (Lusitanians、Conii、或Calicians) or pre-Roman settlers like the Phoenicians, Carthaginians or Celts lexicon persist in the language, but there are some exceptions, most are unconfirmed.多数葡萄牙地区有古罗马名字，例如是布拉加、科布英拉以及河流Minho和Tamega。
伊比利亚：
Abobora (南瓜)
Bezerro (year-old calf)
Louca (爪)
Manteiga (牛油)
Sapo (青蛙)
凯尔特:
Cabana (小屋)
Cama (床)
Camisa (衬衫)
Carvalho(橡树)
Cerveja (啤酒)
Touca (头饰)
腓尼基语:
Malha (网状物)
Mapa (地图)
Saco (袋)
拉丁语
Portuguese, both in morphology and syntax, represents an organic transformation of Latin without the direct intervention of any foreign language.发音、语法及语形，由拉丁语所影响。接近九成的语源是来自罗马。部份受到罗马帝国帝国影响而改变。Since Portuguese was reinfluenced by it (reinfluence represented with 1), many original words are still familiar to Portuguese speakers.
N.B.: 在以下的拉丁语例子，全部使用大阶。下列例子V字以U发音，而C以/k/发音，所以CENTV 发音是 /kentu/ (the derived Cento in Portuguese is pronunced as /se~tu/)。
Nasalization — A vowel before [m] and [n] has a tendency to become a nasal vowel, this occurs in many languages. In the case of Portuguese, it happened between the sixth and seventh centuries. This change sharply distinguishes Portuguese from Spanish, in which it did not occur.
LVNA > l[ũ]a > Lua (月亮).
Palatalization — Another assimilation occurs before the high vowels [i] and [e], or near the semi-vowel, or palatal [j].
CENTV > [tj]ento > [ts]ento > cento, (hundred)
FACERE > fa[tj]ere > fa[ts]er > fa[dz]er > fazer, (to do)
A more ancient evolution was FORTIA > for[ts]a > forca (strength)
Elision — Simultaneous influence in a consonant by vowels, occurring a sintagmatic chain.
DOLORE > door > dor (pain) — dolorido¹ (in pain)
BONV > boo > bom, (good)
ANELLV > aelo > elo (Ring) — Anel¹ (hand ring)
Voicing — some consonants did not disappear but rather evolved:
MUTV > mudo (deaf)
LACV > lago (lake)
FABA > fava (broadbean)
Simplification of consonant clusters, especially doubled vowels, occurred:
GVTTA > gota (drop)
PECCARE > pecar (to sin)
Dissimilation — Modification of a sound by the influence of neighbouring sounds.
Dissimilation between vowels:
LOCVSTA > lagosta (lobster)
CAMPANA > campaa > campa (tomb)
Dissimilation between consonants:
MEMORARE > nembrar > lembrar (to remember) — Memorizar¹ (to memorize)
ANIMA > alma (soul) — Animado¹ (livened up)
LOCALE > logar > lugar (place) — local¹ (place)
Some other alterations were semi-vowel metathesis: PRIMARIV becomes primeiro (Eng. first); consonant metathesis in [l] and [r] are rare in Portuguese (e.g. TENEBRAS > teevras > trevas, Eng. darkness); and epenthesis, where there is not a total assimilation by adding new sounds. Such as for wine: Vulgar Latin: VINO, medieval Portuguese Vi~o, Modern Portuguese (since 14th or 15th centuries): Vinho. However, the sound of medieval Portuguese is still alive in some Portuguese dialects of Brazil and Sao Tome and Principe. Another specially relevant shift was the loss of the intervocalic /l/ in a very large set of words, already described in the list above as an example of "elision" → e.g: SALIRE > sair; COLARE > coar; NOTVLA > nodoa, with the typical portuguese voicing of /t/ in /d/ (AMATVS > amado). Fewer words remaned unchanged, such as Taberna (tavern).
日耳曼语族
日耳曼对葡语影响限制于军事以及战争用的服装。此亦影响了地名如Ermesinde及Esposende，当中 sinde及sende 是由日耳曼语族中的"sinths" (军事侦察)借代。
Barao (baron) from Germanic baro
Ganhar (胜利) from Germanic waidanjan
Guerra (战争) from Gothic *wirro
Roubar (to rob) from Germanic raubon
Saga (传说) from Gothic saega
