在雅思口语第二部分的考试中，我们开始论述前会有一分钟的时间用考场提供的铅笔和纸去做一个outline。但是在考场临时想ideas一定不是一个明智之举。建议考生一定要在入考场前做好充分准备，然后才能在一分钟内很快列出提纲。帮助自己在真正论述的过程中保持思路的清晰。
在我们列提纲的时候一定要抓住结构和关键词。在有限的时间里，我们首先要保证结构和思路的清晰。首先在考场中要确保有话可讲，而且有条理可寻。其次，我们在记录思路的时候只能记下关键词，一般来说关键词首先是名词，然后是形容词，偶尔也会加入一些动词。也就是说最为重要的是名词。
其中如果涉及到逻辑概念或拓展概念则可用符号表示以节省时间。我们不必要去记很多的速记符号来加重自己的记忆负担，而且每个人也可以根据习惯的不同选择自己喜欢的符号。在这里，给大家介绍几个比较常用的符号形式供大家参考。
|
否定 |
× |
导致，目的 |
→ |
|
因为 |
∵ |
所以 |
∴ |
|
列举 |
… |
举例 |
eg |
|
转折，让步 |
#FormatImgID_0# |
类比 |
＝ |
|
正面 |
＋ |
负面 |
－ |
|
对比 |
#FormatImgID_1# |
重点 |
esp |
其实提纲就是关键词加上用符号表示的逻辑关系和拓展关系。在我们成功列出提纲之后就要用英文连接词将其还原成完整的句子。其实口语中的提纲是听力提纲的逆向运用。听力中要求将一段话以提纲的形式做简要记录，而口语中则要求将提纲还原成一段话。这时我们需要有连词成句的能力，将关键词以逻辑关系串连成句子，而这种逻辑关系其实也就是答案的拓展技巧。当然，这些逻辑关系也可以通过句子直接表达，关系词并不是必须的，而是一种很好的选择。
在口语中的连接词和常用的拓展关系词不需要用的非常难，只需要记一些常用的就可以了。
× not, hardly, rarely → lead to, result in, contribute to, give rise to in order to, so that, to ∵ because, since, for, due to because of, owing to ∴ thus, therefore, as a result … such as, including, no matter…or, whether…or eg for example, for instance, take…as an example #FormatImgID_2# although, but, though, yet, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of, despite ＝ as, like, similar to, in the same way, just like, just as ＋ advantage, benefit, merit, upside, plus point － disadvantage, drawback, problem, demerit, downside, minus point #FormatImgID_3# compared with, different from, beat, in contrast esp Actually, in fact, especially, indeed, sure, without any doubt, best of all, worst of all
我们以下面这个卡片为例来详细说明提纲的拓展：
Describe A Dish Describe one of your favorite dishes. You should say: From whom you learnt to cook it. How this dish is cooked. Who you usually cook for. And explain why you enjoy it.
{真题回放}
Steamed fish:
1. × cook #FormatImgID_4# steamed fish; parents’ house, miss → ask to teach
I am not much of a cook, but I do cook one dish well—steamed fish…When I moved out of my parents’ house, I missed it so much that I asked mom to teach me how to cook it.
在这里我们可以先用反衬的手法来突出清蒸鱼是我的拿手菜。所以在提纲中显示了一个让步。还原到口语中则用了but进行了连接。接下来论述自己非常想念清蒸鱼的味道，从而要母亲教我如何烹饪。在原文中以so…that来做成连接。
2. easy
fish, live, fresh; ingredient…
procedure… fish, ginger, spring onions, mushrooms, chili;
dish, soy source, water, rest of ingredients;
rack, wok
提纲中的ingredient…和procedure…提示要列举配料和制作方式，在这里没有用连接词表示，而是用句子直接论述了。
You also need ginger, spring onions, mushrooms and chili. First, clean the fish, cut the stalks of spring onions to almost 2 inch lengths, slice ginger and cut up mushrooms and chilies…
当然，我们也可以用连接词表述，如：You also need to prepare all the ingredients, including ginger…
3. special occasion… ∵ friend, family;
steaming → flavor;
healthy
steamed fish #FormatImgID_5# junk food, takeaway
Fish is a dish that the Chinese usually make on special occasions. I continue cooking the steamed fish on birthdays, parties and festivals because my family and friends loves it. Steaming is the purest way to cook fish to bring out the delicate sweet flavor of it. Plus, it is healthy. It sure can beat any junk food or crappy takeaways.
在这里occasion…的拓展也没有使用连接词，而是在句子中直接体现了。当然，我们也可以把它改成：Fish is a dish that the Chinese usually make on special occasions such as birthdays, parties and festivals.
列好提纲对于第二部分的考题回应是非常重要的第一步。如果我们在有限的时间里很好的完成了这个步骤就能确保自己回答时逻辑清晰，思路顺畅。同时学习一些常用的拓展方式能够非常有效的组合句子，提高回答的质量。
