Passage 1
At the end of the nineteenth century， a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories： they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations， and they believed that the personal stories， even of a single individual， could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.
There were， however， arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas， for example， described autobiographies as being“of limited value，and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,“ while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing， and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator's own emotional tone to be reliable.Even more importantly， as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form， much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers.Indeed， the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures，as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories. Despite all of this， autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research： such personal reminiscences and impressions,incomplete as they may beare likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.
1. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？
（A） The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.
（B） The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.
（C） The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed
（D） The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed.
（E） A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are discussed.
2. Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans？
（A） A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence.
（B） A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock's value.
（C） A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.
（D） A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.
（E） A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.
3. According to the passage，collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because
（A） life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that culture
（B） life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations
（C） ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose
（D） life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture
（E） the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator
4. Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories？
（A） Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory
（B） Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant
（C） Translating the informant's words into the researcher's language
（D） Reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant
（E） Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator's personal opinion about its intrinsic value
5. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
（A） question an explanation
（B） correct a misconception
（C） critique a methodology
（D） discredit an idea
（E） clarify an ambiguity
6. It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following？
（A） Investigators familiar with the culture under study
（B） A language other than the informant's for recording life stories
（C） Life stories as the ethnologist's primary source of information
（D） Complete transcriptions of informants' descriptions of tribal beliefs
（E） Stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data
7. The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists' transcriptions of life stories？
（A） The informant's social standing within the culture
（B） The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the research
（C） The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under study
（D） The number of life stories collected by the researchers
（E） The verifiability of the information provided by the research informants
8. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information？
（A） They can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world.
（B） They are most useful as a source of linguistic information.
（C） They require editing and interpretation before they can be useful.
（D） They are most useful as a source of information about ancestry.
（E） They provide incidental information rather than significant insights into a way of life.
Passage 2
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business， the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon， in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically， this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance， from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner's ethnic group. Such self-help networks， which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs，consist of “primary” institutions，individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs.They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary ” institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship peer，and neighborhood or community subgroups.A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital.Personal savings have been accumulated， often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives， forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation， have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necescial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community， rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However， recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds.Some groups，like Black Americans，found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts.The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups， which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They， in turn， provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding
ethnic-directed financial institutions.
1. Based on the information in the passage， it would be LEAST likely for which of the following persons to be part of a self-help network？
（A） The entrepreneur's childhood friend
（B） The entrepreneur's aunt
（C） The entrepreneur's religious leader
（D） The entrepreneur's neighbor
（E） The entrepreneur's banker
2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self help support network， as such networks are described in the passage？
（A） A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its open-enrollment adult education program.
（B） The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
（C） A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to establish their own businesses.
（D） A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job training for it members and their friends.
（E） A community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification in a variety of technical trades.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations？
（A） They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.
（B） They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants in New York in the early twentieth century.
（C） Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920's would have been unlikely to rely on them.
（D） They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.
（E） Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for investment
capital.
4. The passage best supports which of the following statements？
（A） A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to start a business.
（B） Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
（C） Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.
（D） The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organization.
（E） Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of their founders.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph？
（A） An argument is delineated， followed by a counterargument.
（B） An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.
（C） A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.
（D） An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions.
（E） A group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then clarified.
6. According to the passage， once a minority-owned business is established， self-help networks contribute which of the following to that business？
（A） Information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities
（B） Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition
（C） Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses
（D） Contact with people who are likely to be customersof the new business
（E） Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups
7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely to do which of the following？
（A） Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts
（B） Focus on current， rather than historical， examples of business enterprises
（C） Stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses
（D） Focus on the maintenance of businesses， rather than means of starting them
（E） Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan associations mentioned in the last paragraph？
（A） They were started by third-or fourth-generation immigrants.
（B） They originated as offshoots of church-related groups.
（C） They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with construction.
（D） They contributed to the employment of many Irish construction workers.
（E） They provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic groups.
KEYS：
Passage 1： DCAEC BCA
Passage 2： EDBCB DAD
