3. Based on information in the passage， which of the following statements concerning the Alien Land Law of 1913 is most accurate？
（A） It excluded American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry from landownership
（B） It sought to restrict the number of foreign immigrants to California
（C） It successfully prevented Issei from ever purchasing farmland
（D） It was applicable to first-generation immigrants but not to their American-born children
（E） It was passed under pressure from the Pajaro Valley's strawberry farmers.
4.Several Issei families join together purchase a strawberry field and the necessary farming equipment. Such a situation best exemplifies which of the following， as it is described in the passage？
（A） A typical sharecropping agreement
（B） A farming corporation
（C） A “labor club”
（D） The “boss” system
（E） Circumvention of the Alien Land Law
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was an indirect consequence of the collapse of the sugar best industry in the Pajaro Valley？
（A） The Issei formed a permanent， family-based community
（B） Boardinghouses were built to accommodate the Issei
（C） The Issei began to lease land in their children's names.
（D） The Issei adopted a labor contract system similar to that used by Chinese immigrants.
（E） The Issei suffered a massive dislocation caused by unemployment.
6. The author of the passage would most likely agree that which of the following， if it had been included in Nakane's study， would best remedy the particularistic nature of that study？
（A） A statistical table comparing per capita income of Issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the Pajaro Valley
（B） A statistical table showing per capita income of Issei in the Pajaro Valley from 1890 to 1940
（C） A statistical table showing rates of farm ownership by Japanese Americans in four central California counties from 1890 to 1940
（D） A discussion of original company document dealing with the Pajaro Valley sugar beet industry at the turn of the century
（E） Transcripts of interviews conducted with members of the Pajaro Valley Japanese American community who were born in the 1920's and 1930's
7. It can be inferred from the passage that， when the Issei began to lease land from the Valley's strawberry farmers， the Issei most probably did which of the following？
（A） They used profits made from selling the strawberry crop to hire other Issei.
（B） They negotiated such agricultural contracts using the “boss” system.
（C） They paid for the use of the land with a share of the strawberry crop.
（D） They earned higher wages than when they raised sugar beets.
（E） They violated the Alien Land Law.
Passage 3
As the economic role of multinational， global corporations expands， the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or interactions institutions， but by the interaction be-teen governments and global corporations， especially in the United-States， Europe， and Japan. A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend regional trading blocks of nations， which has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world trading system. Two examples of this trend are the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement （FTA） and Europe 1992. The move by the European Community （EC） to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods， services， capital， and labor among member states by the end of 1992. However， although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the EC's marks， concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major consideration. This is in sharp contrast to the FTA， the overwhelming United States protectionism. Nonetheless， although markedly different in origin and nature， both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the world， as well as provoke questions about the future of the world trading system.
1. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
（A） describe an initiative and propose its continuance
（B） chronicle a development and illustrate its inconsistencies
（C） identify a trend and suggest its importance
（D） summarize a process and question its significance
（E） report a phenomenon and outline its probable future
2. According to the passage， all of the following are elements of the shifting world economy EXCEPT
（A） an alteration in the role played by governments
（B） an increase in interaction between national governments and international regulatory institutions
（C） an increase in the formation of multinational trading alliance
（D） an increase in integration in the two richest markets of the world
（E） a fear of increasing United States protectinsism.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about global corporations？
（A） Their continued growth depends on the existence of a fully international mark-et
（B） Their potential effect on the world market is a matter of ongoing concern to international institutions
（C） They will have to assume quasi-governmental functions if current economic trends continue
（D） They have provided a model of economic success for regional trading blocs
（E） Their influence on world economics will continue will continue to increase
4.According to the passage， one similarity between the FTA and Europe 1992 is that they both
（A） overcame concerns about the role of polites in the shifting world economy
（B） originated out of concern over unfair trade practices by other nations
（C） exemplify a trend toward region-alization of commercial markets
（D） place the economic needs of the trading bloc ahead of those of the member nations
（E） help to ensure the continued economic viability of the world community
5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the European Community prior to the adoption of the Europe 1992 program？
（A） There were restrictions on commerce between the member nations.
（B） There economic policies of the member nations focused on global trading issues.
（C） There were few impediments to trade between the member nations and the United States.
（D） The flow of goods between the member nations and Canada was insignificant.
（E） Relation between multinational corporations and the government of the member nations were strained.
6.The author discusses the FTA and Europe 1992 most likely in order to
（A） point out the similarities between two seeming disparate trading alliance
（B） illustrate how different economic motivations produce different types of trading blocs
（C） provide contrasting examples of a trend that is influencing the world economy
（D） identify the most important characteristics of successful economic integration
（E） trace the history of regional trading blocs
7. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？
（A） An argument is put forth and evidence for and against it given
（B） An assertion is made and opposing evidence presented.
（C） Two hypotheses are described and shown to in consistent with one another
（D） A phenomenon is identified and illustrations of this phenomenon offered
（E） A specific case of a phenomenon is discussed a generalization drawn
Passage 4
Traditionally， the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions， forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today， however， the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.
Producers of the Beta format for video-cassette recorders （VCR`s）， for example， were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975，but producers of the rival VHS（Video Home System）format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR distribution， Beta producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.
Despite Beta`s substantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta， developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS`s share of the market. By the end of the 1980`s， Beta was no longer in production.
1.The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following？
（A） Evaluating two competing technologies
（B） Tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events
（C） Reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history
（D） illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history
（E） Proposing an innovative approach to business planning
2. According to the passage， today's successful firms， unlike successful firms in the past， may earn the greatest profits by
（A） investing in research to produce cheaper versions of existing technology
（B） being the first to market a competing technology
（C） adapting rapidly to a technological standard previously set by a competing firm
（D） establishing technological leadership in order to shape product definitions in advance of completion firms
（E） emphasizing the development of methods for the mass production and distribution of a new technology
