4．逻辑主语和谓语动词的搭配问题
这类考题是逻辑类考题中最多的，但所幸这类题目并不难，对此类题目熟悉后一眼就能找出题目中所蕴涵的错误。细分起来它又可以分为如下三类：
a.分词的省略结构要求其逻辑主语必须和主句主语一致
9．Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting.
(A) the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting
(B) the addition of worker incentives was raised as a possibility by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting
(C) added worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting as a possibility
(D) the board of directors raised at its quarterly meeting the possibility of worker incentives being added（E）
(E) the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of adding worker incentives
这道题目属于典型的分词省略结构类型的考题，题干放了过去分词upset, 意思是被最近的销售上的下降所沮丧了，谁被沮丧呢，逻辑主语必然是人，所以A，B，C的逻辑都是错误的，因为它们的主语不是人，答案应该选E，把句子的主语换为了管理者的董事会，应该是他们被沮丧了。
10. In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(A) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(B) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face.
(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor.
(D) In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.（D）
(E) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face.
题干的逻辑是在评估农村里迁徙工人所面临的问题时，他们在物质上是否比城市里面工作的穷人更好的这个问题与之是不相关的。这个逻辑明显是不对的，谁来评估这个问题，逻辑主语明显应该是人，A的主语是question明显是不对的。再稍加分析我们就可以发现，原文中并没有出现人，也就是说这个评估的对象是不存在的，所以无法使用分词的省略结构，这时的正确答案是D选项，它把assessing改为了assessment，即分词结构名词化了，名词是可以没有逻辑主语的，这就避免了逻辑主语错误的问题。大家可以好好体会这种解题的思路。
b.形容词的省略结构
这类题其实与分词的省略结构考题大同小异，只不过将分词改为了形容词。
11. Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey.
(A) black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as
(B) it is thought that the decline in number of black-footed ferrets is
(C) the decline in the number of black-footed ferrets is thought of as
(D) that black-footed ferrets have declined in their numbers is thought to be（A）
(E) the numbers of the black-footed ferret are thought to have declined as
题目的意思是曾经在西部的平原上很普遍，黑色脚的雪貂被认为在数量上减少了作为毒害草原上狗的结果。句首用了形容词的省略结构，主语应该放置普遍的对象，A选项的主语是雪貂，可以作为普遍的逻辑发出者，而B，C，D，E都属于逻辑主语的搭配错误，所以答案选A。
c.逻辑主语未出现时主动要改为被动
相比之下这类考题就稍有难度了，大家应该知道在我们GMAT语法当中有主动优于被动的原则，也就是说在均可使用的情况下，主动要优于被动，因为主动相对来说比较简洁，但如果句子的逻辑主语并没有出现，此时就无法使用主动了，这种情况下就一定要把主动改为被动。比如我们看下面一道例题：
12．Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves（C）
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
题目的意思是阿拉斯加规则的存了一些利润从油的销售到一个特别的基金里面去，为了来维持这个州的经济在它的石油储备被销售完了之后。B选项用了they作为消耗石油储备的动作发出者，这个逻辑是不对的，因为前面复数名词只有利润profits，那么they就只能指代利润，而利润不可能发出消耗石油储备这个动作。同样E选项也用了they指代利润，利润不可能倾向于维持州的经济，所以逻辑也错。D选项用了分词的省略结构，但由于我们细看原文，并没有出现消耗石油储备这个动作的逻辑主语，所以无法使用分词的省略结构。答案应该选C，用了被动虽然相对来说不如主动简洁，但是由于句子的逻辑主语没有出现所以只能使用被动。
5． 转折关系中事物的分类标准必须统一
这类考题考得不多，但正因为这样大家可能也会对它感到比较陌生。比如下面这道题目：
13.Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends.
(A) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are
(B) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,
(C) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, but there are
(D) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also
(E) Devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, dozens of New York’s small museums and also
题干的意思是尽管很多纽约的小博物馆被致力于发展当地历史或不同的道德团体，还存在有很多单一性的博物馆，它们开放为了夏季周末的研究学习。我们可以发现although是表示转折关系，但这个分类标准是不统一的。前面的分类标准是大和小，而后面的则是单一性还是多样性，完全有可能有这么一种博物馆，它既属于小博物馆又是一种单一性的博物馆，这样就产生逻辑上的前后矛盾了。所以这里不能使用转折关系，答案应该选D，使用并列关系就不存在这种问题了。
上面对GMAT语法中最常见的逻辑类考题进行了归类，相信会对广大考生有所帮助。最后大家一定要注意，GMAT语法的最高境界也就是语言的最高境界就是句子意思清楚无误的表达，在此程度上才能追求语法的正确和语言的优美。运用之道，存乎一心。原则是灵活的并非一成不变，但逻辑的正确性是永远要追求的。希望大家在解题时要时刻注意选项是否已经将句子的逻辑意思正确表达出来，这才是正确选项所一定要具备的特征。
