1. A little under a million years ago, the briny waters of the Baltic Sea began flooding into the cold North Atlantic: geologists are still debating whether the flood was gradual or created a cataclysm.
(A) whether the flood was gradual or created a cataclysm
(B) if the flood was gradual or created a cataclysm
(C) about whether the flood was gradual or cataclysmic
(D) whether the flood was gradual or cataclysmic
(E) whether the flood was gradual or it created a cataclysm
2. Since 1975 the number of women in upper-level management in American corporations have increased by 25 percent; female executives' salaries, however, still lag behind those of their male counterparts.
(A) have increased by 25 percent; female executives' salaries, however, still lag
(B) has increased by 25 percent, however much their salaries lag
(C) have increased 25 percent; female executives' salaries, however, still have lagged
(D) has increased by 25 percent; female executives' salaries, however, still lag
(E) have increased 25 percent; their salaries, however, still lag
3. Adult survivors of child abuse traditionally have had little or no chance that they could get their symptoms recognized and treated.
(A) that they could get their symptoms recognized and treated
(B) to recognize and treat their symptoms
(C) of getting their symptoms recognized and treated
(D) of recognizing and treating symptoms
(E) of getting his or her symptoms recognized and treated
4. Erasmus Montanus, a seventeenth-century farce written by Ludwig Holberg, both predates and resembles Moliere's Tartuffe and is therefore thought to be one of Moliere's sources.
(A) both predates and resembles
(B) it both predates and resembles
(C) both predated and resembles
(D) has both predated and resembled
(E) because it both predated and resembled
5. To maintain a high demand for their product, the manufacturers first took over the marketing and sales functions previously performed by outside agents; next, they began changing their advertising campaigns monthly to keep pace with the rapid changes in consumers' lives.
(A) they began changing
(B) this began changing
(C) the former began changing
(D) to begin changing
(E) to change
6. The last "wild" Indian in North America, according to anthropologist Alfred Kroeber, was the lone survivor of California's lost Yahi tribe, which staggered out of the mountains near Lassen Peak in 1912, deep in mourning for the last of his companions, expecting to be butchered and eaten by white ranchers.
(A) which
(B) who
(C) that
(D) the survivor having
(E) having
7. Over five thousand years ago, archaeologists have discovered that Mesopotamian cooks were preparing chicken with coriander and tamarind, just as Egyptian cooks are still doing today.
(A) Over five thousand years ago, archaeologists have discovered that
(B) Over five thousand years ago, archaeologists had discovered that
(C) Archaeologists have discovered that, over five thousand years ago,
(D) Over five thousand years ago, as archaeologists have discovered it,
(E) Archaeologists have discovered, over five thousand years ago, that
8. According to Henry David Thoreau, the reason a majority is allowed to rule is not that it is more likely to be right, but because it is stronger.
(A) the reason a majority is allowed to rule is not that it is more likely to be right, but because it is stronger
(B) a majority is allowed to rule not because it is more likely to be right, but because it is stronger
(C) the reason for majority rule is not because they are more likely to be right, they are stronger
(D) the majority is allowed to rule because of its strength, not because it is more likely to be right
(E) the reason why the majority rules is that it is strong, not because it is likely to be right
9. Ideally, the professional career diplomat should help in the ongoing maintenance of an effective American foreign policy despite changes in administration.
(A) in the ongoing maintenance of
(B) in the maintaining of
(C) maintain
(D) to maintain and continue
(E) the maintenance of
10. Even astronomers were amazed at the success of the Neptune flyby, which produced a photograph of a previously undetected moon; this is likely to result in increased governmental support for the hitherto neglected U.S. space program.
(A) this is likely to result in
(B) that will cause
(C) and which is likely to result in
(D) this success is likely to result in
(E) it is likely to result with
11. Seeming to be one of the few corporations diversified enough to survive the recession, many shareholders ignored the drop in third-quarter profits and invested even more heavily in Emco.
(A) Seeming to be
(B) As if
(C) In that they seemed
(D) Although it seemed
Keys:1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. E 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. E
