passage 55
some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the united states during the 1980‘s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups，such as first-time or（5）reentering workers， who supposedly prefer such arrangements. however，statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate withvariations in the total number of temporary workers.
instead，these analyses suggest that factors affecting.（10）employers account for the rise in temporary employ-ment. one factor is product demand：temporary employment is favored by employers who are adaptingto fluctuating demand for products while at the sametime seeking to reduce overall labor costs. another（15）factor is labor‘s reduced bargaining strength，whichallows employers more control over the terms ofemployment. given the analyses，which reveal thatgrowth in temporary employment now far exceeds thelevel explainable by recent workforce entry rates of（20）groups said to prefer temporary jobs，firms should bediscouraged from creating excessive numbers of tem-porary positions. government policymakers shouldconsider mandating benefit coverage for temporaryemployees，promoting pay equity between temporary（25）and permanent workers，assisting labor unions in orga-nizing temporary workers， and encouraging firms toassign temporary jobs primarily to employees whoexplicitly indicate that preference.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） present the results of statistical analyses and propose further studies.
（b） explain a recent development and predict its eventual consequences.
（c） identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address it.
（d） outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them
（e） describe the potential consequences of implementing a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.
2. according to the passage， which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentionedin lines 9-10？
（a） most experts cite them as having initiated the growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980‘s.
（b） they may account for the increase in the total number of temporary workers during the 1980‘s.
（c） they were less important than demographic change in accounting for the increase of temporary employment during the 1980‘s.
（d） they included a sharp increase in the cost of labor during the 1980‘s.
（e） they are more difficult to account for than at other factors involved in the growth of temporary employment during the 1980‘s.
3. the passage suggests which of the following about the use of temporary employment by firms during the1980‘s？
（a） it enabled firms to deal with fluctuating productdemand far more efficiently than they before the1980‘s.
（b） it increased as a result of increased participation in the workforce by certain demograp groups.
（c） it was discouraged by government-mandated policies.
（d） it was a response to preferences indicated by certain employees for more flexible working arrangements.
（e） it increased partly as a result of workers‘ reduced ability to control the terms of their employment.
4. the passage suggests which of the following about theworkers who took temporary jobs during the 1980‘s？
（a） their jobs frequently led to permanent positions within firms.
（b） they constituted a less demographically diverse group than has been suggested.
（c） they were occasionally involved in actions organized by labor unions.
（d） their pay declined during the decade in comparison with the pay of permanent employees.
（e） they did not necessarily prefer temporary employment to permanent employment.
5. the first sentence in the passage suggests that the observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to predict which of the following？
（a） that the number of new temporary positions would decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary employment entered the workforce.
（b） that the total number of temporary positions would increase as fewer workers were able to find permanent positions
（c） that employers would have less control over the terms of workers‘ employment as workers increased their bargaining strength.
（d） that more workers would be hired for temporary positions as product demand increased.
（e） that the number of workers taking temporary positions would increase as more workers in any given demographic group entered the workforce.
6. in the context of the passage， the word “excessive”（line21）most closely corresponds to which of thefollowing phrases？
（a） far more than can be justified by worker preferences
（b） far more than can be explained by fluctuations in product demand.
（c） far more than can be beneficial to the success of the firms themselves.
（d） far more than can be accounted for by an expanding national economy.
（e） far more than can be attributed to increases in the total number of people in the workforce.
7. the passage mentions each of the following as an appropriate kind of governmental action except
（a） getting firms to offer temporary employment primarily to a certain group of people.
（b） encouraging equitable pay for temporary and permanent employees
（c） facilitating the organization of temporary workers by labor unions.
（d） establishing guidelines on the proportion of temporary workers that firms should employ
（e） ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits from their employers.
passage 56
although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year，the fluctuations are often temporary and，over long periods，trivial. scientists have advanced three theories of population control to（5）account for this relative constancy.
the first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. in the case of（10）small organisms with short life cycles，climatic changes need not be catastrophic： normal seasonal changes in photoperiod （daily amount of SUNlight），for example，can govern population growth. this theory——the density-independent view——asserts that climatic factors（15）exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.
a second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent——that is， the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the（20）number of animals increases. the mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. for example，as numbers increase，the food supply would probably diminish，which would increase mortality. in addition，as lotka and volterra have shown，predators can find prey more（25）easily in high-density populations. other regulators include physiological control mechanisms：for example. christian and davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal（30）glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. there is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation.one challenge for density-dependent theorists is to（35）develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.
a third theory，proposed by wynne-edwards and termed “epideictic，”argues that organisms have evolved a“code”in the form of social or epideictic behavior（40）displays，such as winter-roosting agGREgations or group vocalizing；such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can，if necessary， exercise reproductive restraint. however，wynne-edwards‘ theory，linking animal social behavior（45） and population control，has been challenged，with some justification，by several studies.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） argue against those scientists who maintain that animal populations tend to fluctuate
（b） compare and contrast the density-dependent and epideictic theories of population control
（c） provide example of some of the ways in which animals exercise reproductive restraint to control their own numbers
（d） suggests that theories of population control that concentrate on the social behavior of animals are more open to debate than are theories that do not
（e） summarize a number of scientific theories that attempt to explain why animal populations do not exceed certain limits
2. it can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the density-dependent theory of population control have not yet been able to
（a） use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life cycles
（b） reproduce the results of the study of christian and davis
（c） explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the population‘s rate of growth decreases
（d） make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowding
（e） demonstrate how predator populations are themselves regulated
3. which of the following，if true，would best support thedensity-dependent theory of population control as it is described in the passage？
（a） as the number of foxes in minnesota decrease，the growth rate of this population of foxes begins of increase.
（b） as the number of woodpeckers in vermont decreases，the growth rate of this population of woodpeckers also begins to decrease.
（c） as the number of prairie dogs in oklahoma increases，the growth rate of this population of prairie dogs also begins to increase.
（d） after the number of beavers in tennessee decreases，the number of predators of these beavers begins to increase.
（e） after the number of eagles in montana decreases，the food supply of this population of eagles alsobegins to decrease.
4. according to the wynne-edwards theory as it is described in the passage，epideictic behavior displays serve the function of
（a） determining roosting aggregations
（b） locating food
（c） attracting predators
（d） regulating sexual activity
（e） triggering hormonal changes
5. the challenge posed to the wynne-edwards-theory by several studies is regarded by the author with
（a） complete indifference
（b） qualified acceptance
（c） skeptical amusement
（d） perplexed astonishment
（e） agitated dismay
6. which of the following statements would provide themost of logical continuation of the final paragraph of thepassage？
（a） thus wynne-edwards‘ theory raises serious questions about the constancy of animal population in a region.
（b） BECause wynne-edwards‘ theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory，epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted.
（c） the results of one study，for instance，have suggested that group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density.
（d） some of these studies have，in fact，worked outa systematic and complex code of social behaviorthat can regulate population size.
（e） one study，for example，has demonstrated that birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size.
passage 57
in recent years，teachers of introductory courses in asian american studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago，when hardly any texts in that field were available. today， excellent antho-（5）logies and other introductory texts exist，and books on individual asian american nationality groups and on general issues important for asian americans are published almost weekly. even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of（10）these to assign to students；nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by asian american to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.
a complicating factor has been the continuing lack（15）of specialized one-volume reference works on asian americans，such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. such works would enable students taking asian american studies courses （and professors in related fields）to look up basic information on asian（20）american individuals，institutions，history，and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. in addition，give such works，asian american studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging asian american material in（25）their introductory reading lists，since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the back-ground information necessary to interpret difficult orunfamiliar material.
1. the author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following？
（a） recommending a methodology
（b） describing a course of study
（c） discussing a problem
（d） evaluating a past course of action
（e） responding to a criticism
2. the “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make achoice when faced with a
（a） lack of acceptable alternatives
（b） lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives
（c） preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good
（d） multitude of different alternatives
（e） large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content
3. the passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines14-17 complicates professors‘ attempts to constructintroductory reading lists for courses in asian americanstudies in which of the following ways？
（a） by making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on asian american history and culture
（b） by preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students
（c） by preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field
（d） such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.
（e） by making it more necessary for professors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with asian american history and culture
（e） by making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary sources
4. the passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in asian american studies afew decades ago？
（a） the range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.
（b） the texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.
（c） students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.
（d） such courses were the only means then available by which people in the united states could acquire knowledge of the field.
5. according to the passage， the existence of good one-volume reference works about asian americans couldresult in
（a） increased agreement among professors of asian american studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field
（b） an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in asian american studies
（c） increased accuracy in writings that concern asian american history and culture
（d） the use of introductory texts about asian american history and culture in courses outside the field of asian american studies
（e） the inclusion of a wider range of asian american material in introductory reading lists in asian american studies
passage 58
in an attempt to improve the overall performance of clerical workers，many companies have introduced computerized performance monitoring and control systems（cpmcs）that record and report a worker‘s computer-（5）driven activities. however， at least one study has shownthat such monitoring may not be having the desired effect.in the study， researchers asked monitored clerical workers and their supervisors how assessments of productivity affected supervisors’ ratings of workers‘ performance. in（10）contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work，who without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service，the monitored workers and their supervisors all responded that productivity was the critical factor in assigning ratings. this finding suggested（15）that there should have been a strong correlation between a monitored worker’s productivity and the overall rating the worker received. however， measures of the relationship between overall rating and individual elements of performance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors（20）gave considerable weight to criteria such as attendance.accuracy， and indications of customer satisfaction.
it is possible that productivity may be a“hygiene factor.”that is，if it is too low，it will hurt the overall rating. but the evidence suggests that beyond the point at（25） which productivity becomes “good enough.” higher productivity per se is unlikely to improve a rating.
1. according to the passage， before the final results of the study were known，which of the following seemedlikely？
（a） that workers with the highest productivity would also be the most accurate
（b） that workers who initially achieved high productivity ratings would continue to do so consistently
（c） that the highest performance ratings would be achieved by workers with the highest productivity
（d） that the most productive workers would be those whose supervisors claimed to value productivity
（e） that supervisors who claimed to value productivity would place equal value on customer satisfaction
2. it can be inferred that the author of the passage discusses“unmonitored workers”（line 10）primarilyin order to
（a） compare the ratings of these workers with the ratings of monitored workers
（b） provide an example of a case in which monitoring might be effective
（c） provide evidence of an inappropriate use of cpmcs
（d） emphasize the effect that cpmcs may have onworkers‘perceptions of their jobs
（e） illustrate the effect that cpmcs may have on workers‘ratings
3. which of the following，if true，would most clearly have supported the conclusion referred to in lines 19-21？
（a） ratings of productivity correlated highly with ratings of both accuracy and attendance.
（b） electronic monitoring greatly increased productivity.
（c） most supervisors based overall ratings of performance on measures of productivity alone.
（d） overall ratings of performance correlated more highly with measures of productivity than the researchers expected.
（e） overall ratings of performance correlated more highly with measures of accuracy than with measures of productivity.
4. according to the passage，a “hygiene factor”（lines 22-23）is an aspect of a worker‘s performance that
（a） has no effect on the rating of a worker‘s performance
（b） is so basic to performance that it is assumed to be adequate for all workers
（c） is given less importance than it deserves in rating a worker‘s performance
（d） if not likely to affect a worker‘s rating unless it is judged to be inadequate
（e） is important primarily because of the effect it has on a worker‘s rating
5. the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） explain the need for the introduction of an innovative strategy
（b） discuss a study of the use of a particular method
（c） recommend a course of action
（d） resolved a difference of opinion
（e） suggest an alternative approach
passage 59
schools expect textbooks to be a valuable source of information for students. my research suggests，however，that textbooks that address the place of native americans within he history of the united states distort history to suit（5）a particular cultural value system. in some textbooks，for example，settlers are pictured as more humane， complex，skillful，and wise than native american. in essence，textbooks stereotype and deprecate the numerous nativeamerican cultures while reinforcing the attitude that the（10）european conquest of the new world denotes the superiority of european cultures. although textbooks evaluete native american architecture，political systems，and homemaking. i contend that they do it from an ethnocentric，（15）european perspective without recognizing that other perspectives are possible.
one argument against my contention asserts that，by nature，textbooks are culturally biased and that i am simply underestimating children‘s ability to see through these（20）biases. some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school，they know they cannot take textbooks literally. yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. two researchers，for example，have conducted studies that suggest that children’s attitudes about particular（25） culture are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools. given this，an ongoing，careful review of how school textbooks depict native american is certainly warranted.
1. which of the following would most logically be the topic of the paragraph immediately following the passage？
（a） specific ways to evaluate the biases of united states history textbooks
（b） the centrality of the teacher‘s role in united states history courses
（c） nontraditional methods of teaching united states history
（d） the contributions of european immigrants to the development of the united states
（e） ways in which parents influence children‘s political attitudes
2. the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） describe in detail one research study regarding the impact of history textbooks on children‘s attitudes and beliefs about certain cultures
（b） describe revisions that should be made to unitedstates history textbooks
（c） discuss the difficulty of presenting an accuratehistory of the united states
（d） argue that textbooks used in schools stereotypenative americans and influence children‘s attitudes
（e） summarize ways in which some textbooks givedistorted pictures of the political systems developedby various native american groups
3. the author mentions two researchers‘ studies （lines22-25）most likely in order to
（a） suggest that children‘s political attitudes are formed primarily through textbooks
（b） counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooks
（c） suggest that younger children tend to interpret the messages in textbooks more literally than do older children
（d） demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readers
（e） prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their political presentations
4. the author‘s attitude toward the content of the history textbooks discussed in the passage is best described as one of
（a） indifference
（b） hesitance
（c） neutrality
（d） amusement
（e） disapproval
5. it can be inferred from the passage that the researchersmentioned in line 19 would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements？
（a） students form attitudes about cultures other than their own primarily inside the school environment.
（b） for the most part，seniors in high school know that textbooks can be biased.
（c） textbooks play a crucial role in shaping the attitudesand beliefs of students.
（d） elementary school students are as likely to recognize biases in textbooks as are high school students.
（e） students are less likely to give credence to history textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.
6. the author implies tha5t which of the following will occur if textbooks are not carefully reviewed？
（a） children will remain ignorant of the european settlers‘ conquest of the new world.
（b） children will lose their ability to recognize biasesin textbooks.
（c） children will form negative stereotypes of nativeamericans.
（d） children will develop an understanding of ethnocentrism.
（e） children will stop taking textbooks seriously.passage 60
passage 60
until recently，scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism abserved in eusocial insects like ants and bees，whereby individuals cooperate，sometimes even sacrificing their own oppor-（ 5） tunities to survive and reproduce，for the good of others.however，such a vertebrate society may exist among under- ground colonies of the highly social rodent heterocephalus glaber，]the naked mole rat.
a naked mole rat colony，like a beehive，wasp‘s nest，or（10）termite mound，is ruled by its queen，or reproducing female. other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. the queen of the largest member of the colony，and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and，presumably，chemical control. queens have（15）been long-lived in captivity，and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females，leading to a takeover by a new queen.
eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems，each（20）insects‘s role being defined by its behavior，body shape，and physiology. in naked mole rat societies，on the other hand，differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status （reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males），body size，and perhaps age. smaller nonbreeding（25）members，both male and female，seem to participate primarily in gathering food，transporting nest material，and tunneling. larger nonreaders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels.jarvis’work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs（30）a task，regardless of its age.
cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates，but unlike naked mole rats，most cooperatively breeding vertebrates（except the wild dog，lycaon pictus）（35）are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. the division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats，colony size is much smaller， and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed，（40）whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active，and many never breed.
1. which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage？
（a） naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.
（b） naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.
（c） behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect societies.
（d） the mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.
（e） the basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.
2. the passage suggests that jarvis‘ work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior？
（a） size
（b） age
（c） reproductive status
（d） rate of growth
（e） previously exhibited behavior
3. it can be inferred from the passage that the performance of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task performance in eusocial insect societies in which of thefollowing ways？
（a） in naked mole rat colonies，all tasks ate performed cooperatively.
（b） in naked mole rat colonies，the performance of tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape.
（c） in naked mole rat colonies，breeding is limited to the largest animals.
（d） in eusocial insect societies，reproduction is limited to a single female.
（e） in eusocial insect societies，the distribution of tasks is based on body size.
4. according to the passage，which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in anaked mole rat colony？
（a） she is the largest member of the colony.
（b） she exerts chemical control over the colony.
（c） she mates with more than one male.
（d） she attains her status through aggression.
（e） she is the only breeding female.
5. the passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among lycaon pictus？
（a） the largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.
（b） an individual‘s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.
（c） breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.
（d） breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
（e） breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.
passage 61
coral reefs are one of the most fragile，biologically complex，and diverse marine ecosystem on earth. this ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere：how do clear，and thus nutrient-poor，waters sup-（5）port such prolific and productive communities？part of the answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves.
symbiotic cells of algae known as zooxanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral thereby producing food for themselves，for their corals（10）hosts，and even for other members of the reef community.this symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef community to use sparse nutrient resources efficiently.
unfortunately for coral reefs，however，a variety of human activities are causing worldwide degradation of（15）shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to the （water.agriculture，slash-and-burn land clearing，sewage disposal and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all increase nutrient loads in these waters. typical symptoms of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and（20）an increasing abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals. declines in reef communities are consistent with observations that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to growing human populations，thereby threatening reef com-（25）munities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to their waters.
1. the passage is primarily concerned with
（a） describing the effects of human activities on algae in coral reefs
（b） explaining how human activities are posing a threat to coral reef communities
（c） discussing the process by which coral reefs deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters
（d） explaining how coral reefs produce food for themselves
（e） describing the abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals in coral reef areas
2. the passage suggests which of the following about coral reef communities？
（a） coral reef communities may actually be more likely to thrive in waters that are relatively low in nutrients.
（b） the nutrients on which coral reef communities thrive are only found in shallow waters.
（c） human population growth has led to changing ocean temperatures，which threatens coral reef communities.
（d） the growth of coral reef communities tends todestabilize underwater herbivore populations.
（e） coral reef communities are more complex and diversethan most ecosystems located on dry land.
3. the author refers to “filter-feeding animals”（line 20）in order to
（a） provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef deterioration
（b） explain how reef communities acquire sustenance for survival
（c） identify a factor that helps herbivore populations thrive
（d） indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input in waters that reefs inhabit
（e） identify members of coral reef communities that rely on coral reefs for nutrients
4. according to the passage，which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef communities？
（a） the waters they inhabit contain few nutrient resources.
（b） a decline in nutrient input is disrupting their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
（c） the degraded waters of their marine habitats have reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis
（d） they are too biologically complex to survive in habitats with minimal nutrient input.
（e） waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient input to reef communities.
5. it can be inferred from the passage that the author describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most likely for which of the following reasons？
（a） they are thriving even though human activities have depleted the nutrients in their environment.
（b） they are able to survive in spite of an overabundance of algae inhabiting their waters.
（c） they are able to survive in an environment with limited food resources.
（d） their metabolic wastes contribute to the degradation of the waters that they inhabit.
（e） they are declining even when the water surrounding them remains clear.
passage 62
two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists‘discussions of the nature of ethnicity. the first emphasizesthe primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. in this view，people have an essential need for belonging that（5）is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. a different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. in this view，ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues（10）relating to its economic position. while both of these definitions are useful，neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the united states.
rather，ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common（15）cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.
one example of this process is the rise of participation by native american people in the broader united states political system since the civil rights movement of the（20）1960‘s. besides leading native americans to participate more actively in politics （the number of native american legislative Officeholders more than doubled），this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. cultural and instrumental components of（25 ）ethnicity are not mutually exclusive，but rather reinforce one another.
the civil rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by mexican americanpeople.in the 1960‘s，mexican americans formed（30）community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave mexican american advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. like european ethnic groups in the（35） nineteenth-century united states， late-twentieth-century mexican american leaders combined ethnic with contem- porary civic symbols. in 1968 henry censors， then mayor of san antonio，texas，cited mexican leader benito juarez as a model for mexican americans in their fight for con-（40）temporary civil rights. and every year，mexican americans celebrate cinco de mayo as fervently as many irish american people embrace st. patrick’s day （both are major holidays in the countries of origin），with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the united states and linked to ideals， symbols，and heroes of the united states.
1. which of the following best states the main idea of the passage？
（a） in their definitions of the nature of ethnicity，sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.
（b） ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.
（c） in the united states in the twentieth century，ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.
（d） ethnicity in the united states has been significantly changed by the civil rights movement.
（e） the two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.
2. which isthe following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage？
（a） one is supported primarily by sociologists，and the other is favored by members of ethnic groups.
（b） one emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity，and the other focuses on the economic aspects.
（c） one is the result of analysis of united states populations，and the other is the result of analysis of european populations.
（d） one focuses more on the ancestral components of ethnicity than does the other.
（e） one focuses more on immigrant groups than does the other.
3. the author of the passage refers to native american people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of
（a） the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need.
（b） how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity
（c） how the civil rights movement can help promote solidarity among united states ethnic groups
（d） how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group‘s economic situation
（e） the benefits gained from renewed study of ethnic history and culture
4. the passage supports which of the following statements about the mexican american co munity？
（a） in the 1960‘s the mexican american community began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic group in the united states into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.
（b） in the 1960‘s mexican american community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in order to effect economic change
（c） in the 1960‘s leader of the mexican american community concentrated their efforts on promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture
（d） in the 1960‘s members of the mexican american community were becoming increasingly concerned about the issue of voting rights.
（e） in the 1960‘s the mexican american community had greater success in mobilizing constituents than did other ethnic groups in the united states.
5. which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage？
（a） the retelling of traditional narratives
（b） the wearing of traditional clothing
（c） the playing of traditional music
（d） the celebration of traditional holidays
（e） the preparation of traditional cuisine
6. information in the passage supports which of the following statements about many european ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century united states？
（a） they emphasized economic interests as a way of mobilizing constituents behind certain issues.
（b） they conceived of their own ethnicity as being primordial in nature.
（c） they created cultural traditions that fused united states symbols with those of their countries of origin.
（d） they de-emphasized the cultural components of their communities in favor of political interests.
（e） they organized formal community groups designed to promote a renaissance of ethnic history and culture.
7. the passage suggests that in 1968 henry cisneros most likely believed that
（a） many mexican american would respond positively to the example of benito juarez.
（b） many mexican american were insufficiently educated in mexican history
（c） the fight for civil fights in the united states had many strong parallels in both mexican and rish history.
（d） the quickest way of organizing community-based groups was to emulate the tactics of benito juarez
（e） mexican americans should emulate the strategies of native american political leaders.
passage 63
the fact that superior service can generate a competitive advantage for a company does not mean that every attempt at improving service will create such an advantage. invest-ments in service，like those in production and distribution，（5） must be balanced against other types of investments on the basis of direct，tangible benefits such as cost reduction andincreased revenues. if a company is already effectively on apar with its competitors because it provides service thatavoids a damaging reputation and keeps customers from（10）leaving at an unacceptable rate，then investment in higher service levels may be wasted，since service is a deciding factor for customers only in extreme situations.
this truth was not apparent to managers of one regional bank，which failed to improve its competitive position（15）despite its investment in reducing the time a customer had to wait for a teller. the bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks. nor did they analyze their service improvement to（20）determine whether it would attract new customers by producing a new standard of service that would excite cus-tomers or by proving difficult for competitors to copy. the only merit of the improvement was that it could easily be described to customers.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） contrast possible outcomes of a type of business investment
（b） suggest more careful evaluation of a type of business investment
（c） illustrate various ways in which a type of business investment could fail to enhance revenues
（d） trace the general problems of a company to a certain type of business investment
（e） criticize the way in which managers tend to analyze the costs and benefits of business investments
2. according to the passage， investments in service arecomparable to investments in production anddistribution in terms of the
（a） tangibility of the benefits that they tend to confer
（b） increased revenues that they ultimately produce
（c） basis on which they need to be weighed
（d） insufficient analysis that managers devote to them
（e） degree of competitive advantage that they are likely to provide
3. the passage suggests which of the following about service provided by the regional bank prior to its investment in enhancing that service？
（a） it enabled the bank to retain customers at an acceptable rate
（b） it threatened to weaken the bank‘s competitive position with respect to other regional banks
（c） it had already been improved after having caused damage to the bank‘s reputation in the past.
（d） it was slightly superior to that of the bank‘s regional competitors.
（e） it needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.
4. the passage suggests that bank managers failed to consider whether or not the service improvement mentioned in line 19
（a） was too complicated to be easily described to prospective customers
（b） made a measurable change in the experiences of customers in the bank‘s offices
（c） could be sustained if the number of customers increased significantly
（d） was an innovation that competing banks could have imitated
（e） was adequate to bring the bank‘s general level of service to a level that was comparable with that of its competitors
5. the discussion of the regional bank （line 13-24） serveswhich of the following functions within the passage as awhole？
（a） it describes an exceptional case in which investment in service actually failed to produce a competitive advantage.
（b） it illustrates the pitfalls of choosing to invest in service at a time when investment is needed more urgently in another area.
（c） it demonstrates the kind of analysis that managers apply when they choose one kind of service investment over another
（d） it supports the argument that investments in certain aspects of service are more advantageous than investments in other aspects of service.
（e） it provides an example of the point about investment in service made in the first paragraph.
6. the author uses the word “only”in line 23 most likely in order to
（a） highlight the oddity of the service improvement
（b） emphasize the relatively low value of the investment in service improvement
（c） distinguish the primary attribute of the service improvement from secondary attributes
（d） single out a certain merit of the service improvement from other merits
（e） point out the limited duration of the actual service improvement
