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passage 1£ £ £ 
¡¡¡¡recent years have brought minority-ownedbusinesses in the united states unprecedentedopportunities-as well as new and significant risks.civil rights activists have long argued that one of£¨5£©£ the principal reasons why blacks£¬ hispanics£¬ andother minority groups have difficulty establishingthemselves in business is that they lack access tothe sizable orders and subcontracts that are gener-ated by large companies. now conGREss£¬ in appar-£¨10£© ent agreement£¬ has required by law that businessesawarded federal contracts of more than $500£¬000do their best to find minority subcontractors andrecord their efforts to do so on forms filed with thegovernment. indeed£¬ some federal and local agen-£¨15£© cies have gone so far as to set specific percentagegoals for apportioning parts of public works con-tracts to minority enterprises.
¡¡¡¡corporate response appears to have been sub-stantial. according to figures collected in 1977£¬£¨20£© the total of corporate contracts with minority busi-nesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1. lbillionin 1977. the projected total of corporate contractswith minority businesses for the early 1980¡®s isestimated to be over 53 billion per year with no£¨25£© letup anticipated in the next decade.£ promising as it is for minority businesses£¬ thisincreased patronage poses dangers for them£¬ too.first£¬ minority firms risk expanding too fast andoverextending themselves financially£¬ since most£¨30£© are small concerns and£¬ unlike large businesses£¬they often need to make substantial investments innew plants£¬ staff£¬ equipment£¬ and the like in orderto perform work subcontracted to them. if£¬ there-after£¬ their subcontracts are for some reason£¨35£© reduced£¬ such firms can face potentially cripplingfixed expenses. the world of corporate purchasingcan be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who getrequests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.both consume valuable time and resources£¬ and a£¨40£©£ small company¡¯s efforts must soon result inorders£¬ or both the morale and the financial healthof the business will suffer.
¡¡¡¡a second risk is that white-owned companiesmay seek to cash in on the increasing apportion-£¨45£© ments through formation of joint ventures withminority-owned concerns. of course£¬ in manyinstances there are legitimate reasons for jointventures£» clearly£¬ white and minority enterprisescan team up to acquire business that neither could£¨50£© acquire alone. but civil rights groups and minoritybusiness owners have complained to congress aboutminorities being set up as ¡°fronts¡± with white back-ing£¬ rather than being accepted as full partners inlegitimate joint ventures.£¨55£©£ £ £ third£¬ a minority enterprise that secures thebusiness of one large corporate customer often runthe danger of BEComing¡ª¡ªand remaining-dependent.even in the best of circumstances£¬ fierce compe-tition from larger£¬ more established companies£¨60£© makes it difficult for small concerns to broadentheir customer bases£º when such firms have nearlyguaranteed orders from a single corporate bene-factor£¬ they may truly have to struggle againstcomplacency arising from their current success.

1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
¡¡£¨a£© present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
¡¡£¨b£© describe a situation and its potential drawbacks
¡¡£¨c£© propose a temporary solution to a problem
¡¡£¨d£© analyze a frequent source of disagreement
¡¡£¨e£© explore the implications of a finding

2. the passage supplies information that would answer£ which of the following questions£¿
¡¡£¨a£© what federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts£¿
¡¡£¨b£© to which government agencies must£ businesses awarded federal contracts report their£ efforts to find minority subcontractors£¿
¡¡£¨c£© how widespread is the use of minority-owned£ concerns as ¡°fronts¡± by white backers seeking to£ obtain subcontracts£¿
¡¡£¨d£© how many more minority-owned businesses were£ there in 1977 than in 1972£¿
¡¡£¨e£© what is one set of conditions under which a£ small business might find itself financially over-extended£¿£ 

3. according to the passage£¬ civil rights activists£ maintain that one disadvantage under which£ minority- owned businesses have traditionally had£ to labor is that they have
¡¡£¨a£© been especially vulnerable to governmental£ mismanagement of the economy
¡¡£¨b£© been denied bank loans at rates comparable to£ those afforded larger competitors
¡¡£¨c£© not had sufficient opportunity to secure business£ created by large corporations
¡¡£¨d£© not been able to advertise in those media that£ reach large numbers of potential customers
¡¡£¨e£© not had adequate representation in the centers of government power

4. the passage suggests that the failure of a large£ business to have its bids for subcontracts result£ quickly in orders might cause it to
¡¡£¨a£© experience frustration but not serious financial£ harm
¡¡£¨b£© face potentially crippling fixed expenses
¡¡£¨c£© have to record its efforts on forms filed with the£ government
¡¡£¨d£© increase its spending with minority£ subcontractors
¡¡£¨e£© revise its procedure for making bids for federal£ contracts and subcontracts

5. the author implies that a minority-owned concern£ that does the greater part of its business with one£ large corporate customer should
¡¡£¨a£© avoid competition with larger£¬ more established£ £  concerns by not expanding£ 
¡¡£¨b£© concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation£ 
¡¡£¨c£© try to expand its customer base to avoid£ £  becoming dependent on the corporation£ 
¡¡£¨d£© pass on some of the work to be done for the£ £  corporation to other minority-owned concerns
¡¡£¨e£© use its influence with the corporation to promote£ £  subcontracting with other minority concerns

6. it can be inferred from the passage that£¬compared£ with the requirements of law£¬the percentage goals£ set by ¡°some federal and local agencies ¡±£¨lines 14-£  15£© are
¡¡£¨a£© more popular with large corporations
¡¡£¨b£© more specific
¡¡£¨c£© less controversial
¡¡£¨d£© less expensive to enforce
¡¡£¨e£© easier to comply with

7. which of the following£¬ if true£¬ would most weaken the£ author¡®s assertion that£¬ in the 1970¡¯s£¬ corporate£ response to federal requirements £¨lines 18-19£© was£ substantial
¡¡£¨a£© corporate contracts with minority-owned¡¡businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
¡¡£¨b£© between 1970 and 1972£¬ corporate contracts with£ minority-owned businesses declined by 25¡¡percent.
¡¡£¨c£© the figures collected in 1977 underrepresented¡¡the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.
¡¡£¨d£© the estimate of corporate spending with¡¡minority-owned businesses in 1980 is¡¡approximately $10 million too high.
¡¡£¨e£© the $1.1 billion represented the same¡¡percentage of total corporate spending in 1977¡¡as did $77 million in 1972.

8. the author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to¡¡working with minority subcontractors£¿
¡¡£¨a£© annoyed by the proliferation of ¡°front¡± organizations£¬corporations are likely to reduce¡¡their efforts to work with minority-owned¡¡ subcontractors in the near future.
¡¡£¨b£© although corporations showed considerable¡¡interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970¡®s£¬ their aversion to government¡¡paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.£ 
¡¡£¨c£© the significant response of corporations in the 1970¡®s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980¡¯s.
¡¡£¨d£© although corporations are eager to cooperate¡¡with minority-owned businesses£¬ a shortage of¡¡capital in the 1970¡®s made substantial response¡¡impossible.
¡¡£¨e£© the enormous corporate response has all but¡¡eliminated the dangers of overexpansion that¡¡used to plague small minority-owned businesses.

passage 2
¡¡¡¡woodrow wilson was referring to the liberalidea of the economic market when he said thatthe free enterprise system is the most efficienteconomic system. maximum freedom means£¨5£© maximum productiveness£» our ¡°openness¡± is tobe the measure of our stability. fascination withthis ideal has made americans defy the ¡°oldworld¡± categories of settled possessiveness versuSUNsettling deprivation£¬ the cupidity of retention£¨10£© versus the cupidity of seizure£¬ a ¡°status quo¡±defended or attacked. the united states£¬ it wasbelieved£¬ had no status quo ante. our only ¡°sta-tion¡± was the turning of a stationary wheel£¬ spin-ning faster and faster. we did not base our£¨15£© system on property but opportunity¡ª¡ªwhichmeant we based it not on stability but on mobil-ity. the more things changed£¬ that is£¬ the morerapidly the wheel turned£¬ the steadier we wouldbe. the conventional picture of class politics is£¨20£© composed of the haves£¬ who want a stability tokeep what they have£¬ and the have-nots£¬ whowant a touch of instability and change in whichto scramble for the things they have not. butamericans imagined a condition in which spec-£¨25£© ulators£¬ self-makers£¬ runners are always using thenew opportunities given by our land. these eco-nomic leaders £¨front-runners£© would thus hemainly agents of change. the nonstarters wereconsidered the ones who wanted stability£¬ a£¨30£© strong referee to give them some position in therace£¬ a regulative hand to calm manic specula-tion£» an authority that can call things to a halt£¬begin things again from compensatorily stag-gered ¡°starting lines.¡±
¡¡¡¡£¨35£©¡°reform¡± in america has been sterile becauseit can imagine no change except through theextension of this metaphor of a race£¬ wider inclu-sion of competitors£¬ ¡°a piece of the action£¬¡± as itwere£¬ for the disenfranchised. there is no£¨40£© attempt to call off the race. since our only sta-bility is change£¬ america seems not to honor thequiet work that achieves social interdependenceand stability. there is£¬ in our legends£¬ no hero-ism of the Office clerk£¬ no stable industrial work£¨45£© force of the people who actually make the systemwork. there is no pride in being an employee£¨wilson asked for a return to the time wheneveryone was an employer£©¡£ there has been noboasting about our social workers¡ª¡ªthey are£¨50£© merely signs of the system¡®s failure£¬ of opportu-nity denied or not taken£¬ of things to be elimi-nated. we have no pride in our growinginterdependence£¬ in the fact that our system canserve others£¬ that we are able to help those in£¨55£© need£» empty boasts from the past make usashamed of our present achievements£¬ make ustry to forget or deny them£¬ move away fromthem. there is no honor but in the wonderlandrace we must all run£¬ all trying to win£¬ none£¨60£© winning in the end £¨for there is no end£©¡£

1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
¡¡£¨a£© criticize the inflexibility of american economic mythology
¡¡£¨b£© contrast ¡°old world¡± and ¡°new world¡± economic ideologies
¡¡£¨c£© challenge the integrity of traditional political leaders
¡¡£¨d£© champion those americans whom the author deems to be neglected
¡¡£¨e£© suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a race

2. according to the passage£¬¡°old world¡± values were based on
¡¡£¨a£© ability
¡¡£¨b£© property
¡¡£¨c£© family connections
¡¡£¨d£© guild hierarchies
¡¡£¨e£© education

3. in the context of the author¡®s discussion of£ regulating change£¬ which of the following could be£ most probably regarded as a ¡°strong referee¡± £¨line£ 30£© in the united states£¿
¡¡£¨a£© a school principal
¡¡£¨b£© a political theorist
¡¡£¨c£© a federal court judge
¡¡£¨d£© a social worker
¡¡£¨e£© a government inspector

4. the author sets off the word ¡°reform¡± £¨line 35£© with£ quotation marks in order to
¡¡£¨a£© emphasize its departure from the concept of£ settled possessiveness
¡¡£¨b£© show his support for a systematic program of£  change
¡¡£¨c£© underscore the flexibility and even amorphousness£ of united states society.
¡¡£¨d£© indicate that the term was one of wilson¡®s favorites£ 
¡¡£¨e£© assert that reform in the united states has not£  been fundamental

5. it can be inferred from the passage that the author£ most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised£ ¡°a piece of the action ¡± £¨line 38£© is
¡¡£¨a£© a compassionate£¬ if misdirected£¬legislative£ measure£ 
¡¡£¨b£© an example of americans¡® resistance to profound£ social change
¡¡£¨c£© an innovative program for genuine social reform
¡¡£¨d£© a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers
¡¡£¨e£© a surprisingly ¡°old world¡± remedy for social ills

6. which of the following metaphors could the author£ most appropriately use to summarize his own£ assessment of the american economic system£ £¨lines 35-60£©£¿
¡¡£¨a£© a windmill£ 
¡¡£¨b£© a waterfall
¡¡£¨c£© a treadmill
¡¡£¨d£© a gyroscope£ 
¡¡£¨e£© a bellows

7. it can be inferred from the passage that woodrow wilson¡®s ideas about the economic market
¡¡£¨a£© encouraged those who ¡°make the system work¡±£ £¨lines 45-46£©
¡¡£¨b£© perpetuated traditional legends about america
¡¡£¨c£© revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy
¡¡£¨d£© foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929
¡¡£¨e£© began a tradition of presidential proclamations on economics

8. the passage contains information that would answer£ which of the following questions£¿
¡¡¢¡.what techniques have industrialists used to£ mani
¡¡¢¢.in what ways are ¡° new world¡± and ¡° old world¡±economic policies similar£¿
¡¡¢£. has economic policy in the united states tended£ to reward independent action£¿
¡¡£¨a£© ¢¡only£ 
¡¡£¨b£© ¢¢only
¡¡£¨c£© ¢£ only£ 
¡¡£¨d£© ¢¡and ¢¢ only
¡¡£¨e£© ¢¢and ¢£ only

9. which of the following best expresses the author¡®s£  main point£¿
¡¡£¨a£© americans¡® pride in their jobs continues to give¡¡them stamina today.£ 
¡¡£¨b£© the absence of a status quo ante has¡¡undermined united states economic structure.
¡¡£¨c£© the free enterprise system has been only a¡¡useless concept in the united states
¡¡£¨d£© the myth of the american free enterprise system¡¡is seriously flawed.
¡¡£¨e£© fascination with the ideal of ¡°openness¡± has¡¡made americans a progressive people.

passage 3
¡¡¡¡no very satisfactory account of the mechanismthat caused the formation of the ocean basins hasyet been given. the traditional view supposesthat the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a£¨5£©£ liquid when it is subjected to small forces forlong periods and that differences in temperatureunder oceans and continents are sufficient toproduce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-£¨10£© ocean ridges and sinking currents under the con-tinents. theoretically£¬ this convection wouldcarry the continental plates along as though theywere on a conveyor belt and would provide theforces needed to produce the split that occurs£¨15£© along the ridge. this view may be correct£º it hasthe advantage that the currents are driven bytemperature differences that themselves dependon the position of the continents. such a back-coupling£¬ in which the position of the moving£¨20£© plate has an impact on the forces that move it£¬could produce complicated and varying motions.
¡¡¡¡on the other hand£¬ the theory is implausiblebecause convection does not normally occuralong lines. and it certainly does not occur along£¨25£© lines broken by frequent offsets or changes indirection£¬ as the ridge is. also it is difficult to seehow the theory applies to the plate between themid-atlantic ridge and the ridge in the indianocean. this plate is growing on both sides£¬ and£¨30£© since there is no intermediate trench£¬ the tworidges must be moving apart. it would be odd ifthe rising convection currents kept exact pacewith them. an alternative theory is that the sink-ing part of the plate£¬ which is denser than the£¨35£© hotter surrounding mantle£¬ pulls the rest of theplate after it. again it is difficult to see how thisapplies to the ridge in the south atlantic£¬ whereneither the african nor the american plate has asinking part.
¡¡¡¡£¨40£©another possibility is that the sinking platecools the neighboring mantle and produces con-vection currents that move the plates. this lasttheory is attractive because it gives some hope ofexplaining the enclosed seas£¬ such as the sea of£¨45£© japan. these seas have a typical oceanic floor£¬except that the floor is overlaid by several kilo-meters of sediment. their floors have probablybeen sinking for long periods. it seems possiblethat a sinking current of cooled mantle material£¨50£© on the upper side of the plate might be the causeof such deep basins. the enclosed seas are animportant feature of the earth¡®s surface£¬ andseriously require explanation in because£¬ addi-tion to the enclosed seas that are developing atpresent behind island arcs£¬ there are a number of£¨55£© older ones of possibly similar origin£¬ such as thegulf of mexico£¬ the black sea£¬ and perhaps thenorth sea.

1. according to the traditional view of the origin of the£ ocean basins£¬ which of the following is sufficient to£ move the continental plates£¿
¡¡£¨a£© increases in sedimentation on ocean floors
¡¡£¨b£© spreading of ocean trenches
¡¡£¨c£© movement of mid-ocean ridges
¡¡£¨d£© sinking of ocean basins£ 
¡¡£¨e£© differences in temperature under oceans and£ continents

2. it can be inferred from the passage that£¬of the follo-wing£¬the deepest sediments would be found in the
¡¡£¨a£© indian ocean
¡¡£¨b£© black sea
¡¡£¨c£© mid-atlantic
¡¡£¨d£© south atlantic
¡¡£¨e£© pacific

3. the author refers to a ¡°conveyor belt ¡± in line 13 in£ order to
¡¡£¨a£© illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
¡¡£¨b£© show how temperature differences depend on£ the positions of the continents
¡¡£¨c£© demonstrate the linear nature of the mid-atlantic£ ridge
¡¡£¨d£© describe the complicated motions made possible¡¡by back-coupling
¡¡£¨e£© account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges

4. the author regards the traditional view of the origin£ of the oceans with
¡¡£¨a£© slight apprehension
¡¡£¨b£© absolute indifference
¡¡£¨c£© indignant anger
¡¡£¨d£© complete disbelief
¡¡£¨e£© guarded skepticism

5. according to the passage£¬ which of the following are£ separated by a plate that is growing on both sides£¿
¡¡£¨a£© the pacific ocean and the sea of japan
¡¡£¨b£© the south atlantic ridge and the north sea ridge
¡¡£¨c£© the gulf of mexico and the south atlantic ridge
¡¡£¨d£© the mid-atlantic ridge and the indian ocean£ ridge£ 
¡¡£¨e£© the black sea and the sea of japan

6. which of the following£¬ if it could be demonstrated£¬would most support the traditional view of ocean£ formation£¿
¡¡£¨a£© convection usually occurs along lines.
¡¡£¨b£© the upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.
¡¡£¨c£© sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
¡¡£¨d£© sinking plates cool the mantle.£ 
¡¡£¨e£© island arcs surround enclosed seas.

7. according to the passage£¬ the floor of the black sea£ can best be compared to a
¡¡£¨a£© rapidly moving conveyor belt£ 
¡¡£¨b£© slowly settling foundation
¡¡£¨c£© rapidly expanding balloon
¡¡£¨d£© violently erupting volcano
¡¡£¨e£© slowly eroding mountain

8. which of the following titles would best describe the£ content of the passage£¿
¡¡£¨a£© a description of the oceans of the world
¡¡£¨b£© several theories of ocean basin formation
¡¡£¨c£© the traditional view of the oceans£ 
¡¡£¨d£© convection and ocean currents£ 
¡¡£¨e£© temperature differences among the oceans of the world

passage 4
¡¡¡¡the fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates£¬ the£ pterosaurs£¬ have intrigued paleontologists for morethan two centuries. how such large creatures£¬ which£ weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider£¨5£© and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters£¬ solved theproblems of powered flight£¬ and exactly what thesecreatures were¡ª¡ªreptiles or birds-are among the ques-tions scientists have puzzled over.
¡¡¡¡perhaps the least controversial assertion about the£¨10£© pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. their skulls£¬pelvises£¬ and hind feet are reptilian. the anatomy oftheir wings suggests that they did not evolve into theclass of birds. in pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourthfinger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.£¨15£© the other fingers were short and reptilian£¬ with sharpclaws. in birds the second finger is the principal strutof the wing£¬ which consists primarily of feathers. if thepterosaurs walked on all fours£¬ the three short fingersmay have been employed for grasping. when a£¨20£© pterosaur walked or remained stationary£¬ the fourthfinger£¬ and with it the wing£¬ could only turn upward inan extended inverted v-shape along each side of the animal¡®s body.
¡¡¡¡the pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in£¨25£© their overall structure and proportions. this is not sur-prising because the design of any flying vertebrate issubject to aerodynamic constraints. both the pterosaursand the birds have hollow bones£¬ a feature that repre-sents a savings in weight. in the birds£¬ however£¬ these£¨30£© bones are reinforced more massively by internal Struts.
¡¡¡¡although scales typically cover reptiles£¬ thepterosaurs probably had hairy coats. t.h. huxley rea-soned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of£¨35£© metabolism£¬ which in turn implies a high internal tem-perature. huxley speculated that a coat of hair wouldinsulate against loss of body heat and might streamlinethe body to reduce drag in flight. the recent discoveryof a pterosaur specimen covered in long£¬ dense£¬ and£¨40£© relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clearevidence that his reasoning was correct.
¡¡¡¡efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became air-borne have led to suggestions that they launched them-selves by jumping from cliffs£¬ by dropping from trees.£¨45£© or even by rising into light winds from the crests ofwaves. each hypothesis has its difficulties. the firstwrongly assumes that the pterosaurs¡® hind feet rese-mbled a bat¡¯s and could serve as hooks by which theanimal could hang in preparation for flight. the second£¨50£© hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurscould not have landed in trees without damaging theirwings. the third calls for high waves to channelupdrafts. the wind that made such waves however£¬might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to£¨55£© control their flight once airborne.

1. it can be inferred from the passage that scientists now£ generally agree that the
¡¡£¨a£© enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled£ them to fly great distances£ 
¡¡£¨b£© structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a£ close evolutionary relationship to bats
¡¡£¨c£© fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they£ solved the problem of powered flight
¡¡£¨d£© pterosaurs were reptiles
¡¡£¨e£© pterosaurs walked on all fours

2. the author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as
¡¡£¨a£© revolutionary
¡¡£¨b£© unlikely
¡¡£¨c£© unassailable
¡¡£¨d£© probable
¡¡£¨e£© outdated

3. according to the passage£¬ the skeleton of a£ pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by£ the
¡¡£¨a£© size of its wingspan
¡¡£¨b£© presence of hollow spaces in its bones
¡¡£¨c£© anatomic origin of its wing strut
¡¡£¨d£© presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet
¡¡£¨e£© location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body

4. the ideas attributed to t.h. huxley in the passage£ suggest that he would most likely agree with which£ of the following statements£¿
¡¡£¨a£© an animal¡®s brain size has little bearing on its£ ability to master complex behaviors.
¡¡£¨b£© an animal¡®s appearance is often influenced by£ environmental requirements and physical£ capabilities.
¡¡£¨c£© animals within a given family group are unlikely£ to change their appearance dramatically over a£ period of time.
¡¡£¨d£© the origin of flight in vertebrates was an£ accidental development rather than the outcome£ of specialization or adaptation.
¡¡£¨e£© the pterosaurs should be classified as birds£¬ not reptiles.

5. it can be inferred from the passage that which of the£ following is characteristic of the pterosaurs£¿
¡¡£¨a£© they were unable to fold their wings when not in£ use.
¡¡£¨b£© they hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight.
¡¡£¨c£© they flew in order to capture prey.£ 
¡¡£¨d£© they were an early stage in the evolution of the£ birds.
¡¡£¨e£© they lived primarily in a forestlike habitat.

6.which of the following best describes the organization£ of the last paragraph of the passage£¿
¡¡£¨a£© new evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.
¡¡£¨b£© three explanations for a phenomenon are presented£¬ and each is disputed by means of specific information.
¡¡£¨c£© three hypotheses are outlined£¬ and evidence supporting each is given.
¡¡£¨d£© recent discoveries are described£¬ and their implications for future study are projected
¡¡£¨e£© a summary of the material in the preceding paragraphs is presented£¬ and conclusions are drawn.

7. it can be inferred from the passage that some£ scientists believe that pterosaurs
¡¡£¨a£© lived near large bodies of water
¡¡£¨b£© had sharp teeth for tearing food
¡¡£¨c£© were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles
¡¡£¨d£© had longer tails than many birds£ 
¡¡£¨e£© consumed twice their weight daily to maintain£ their body temperature

passage 5
¡¡¡¡how many really suffer as a result of labor mar-ket problems£¿ this is one of the most critical yetcontentious social policy questions. in many ways£¬our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard-£¨5£© ship. unemployment does not have the same direconsequences today as it did in the 1930¡®s whenmost of the unemployed were primary breadwin-ners£¬ when income and earnings were usually muchcloser to the margin of subsistence£¬ and when there£¨10£© were no countervailing social programs for thosefailing in the labor market. increasing affluence£¬ therise of families with more than one wage earner£¬ thegrowing predominance of secondary earners amongthe unemployed£¬ and improved social welfare pro-£¨15£© tection have unquestionably mitigated the conse-quences of joblessness. earnings and income dataalso overstate the dimensions of hardship. amongthe millions with hourly earnings at or below theminimum wage level£¬ the overwhelming majority£¨20£© are from multiple-earner£¬ relatively affluent£  families. most of those counted by the povertystatistics are elderly or handicapped or have familyresponsibilities which keep them out of the laborforce£¬ so the poverty statistics are by no means an£¨25£© accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.
¡¡¡¡yet there are also many ways our social statisticsunderestimate the degree of labor-market-relatedhardship. the unemployment counts exclude themillions of fully employed workers whose wages are£¨30£© so low that their families remain in poverty. lowwages and repeated or prolonged unemploymentfrequently interact to undermine the capacity forself-support. since the number experiencing jobless-ness at some time during the year is several times£¨35£©the number unemployed in any month£¬ those whosuffer as a result of forced idleness can equal orexceed average annual unemployment£¬ even thoughonly a minority of the jobless in any month reallysuffer. for every person counted in the monthly£¨40£© unemployment tallies£¬ there is another workingpart-time because of the inability to find full-timework£¬ or else outside the labor force but wanting ajob. finally£¬ income transfers in our country havealways focused on the elderly£¬ disabled£¬ and depen-£¨45£©dent£¬ neglecting the needs of the working poor£¬ sothat the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kindtransfers does not necessarily mean that those fail-ing in the labor market are adequately protected.as a result of such contradictory evidence£¬ it is£¨50£© uncertain whether those suffering seriously as aresult of thousands or the tens of millions£¬ and£¬hence£¬ whether high levels of joblessness can be tol-erated or must be countered by job creation and£¨55£© economic stimulus. there is only one area of agree-ment in this debate¡ª¡ªthat the existing poverty£¬employment£¬ and earnings statistics are inadequatefor one their primary applications£¬ measuring theconsequences of labor market problems.

1. which of the following is the principal topic of the£  passage£¿
¡¡£¨a£© what causes labor market pathologies that result£ in suffering
¡¡£¨b£© why income measures are imprecise in measuring£ degrees of poverty
¡¡£¨c£© which of the currently used statistical procedures£ are the best for estimating the incidence of£ hardship that is due to unemployment
¡¡£¨d£© where the areas of agreement are among£ poverty£¬ employment£¬ and earnings figures
¡¡£¨e£© how social statistics give an unclear picture of the£ degree of hardship caused by low wages and£ insufficient employment opportunities

2. the author uses ¡°labor market problems¡± in lines 1-2£  to refer to which of the following£¿
¡¡£¨a£© the overall causes of poverty
¡¡£¨b£© deficiencies in the training of the work force
¡¡£¨c£© trade relationships among producers of goods
¡¡£¨d£© shortages of jobs providing adequate income
¡¡£¨e£© strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3. the author contrasts the 1930¡®s with the present in£ order to show that
¡¡£¨a£© more people were unemployed in the 1930¡®s
¡¡£¨b£© unemployment now has less severe effects
¡¡£¨c£© social programs are more needed now
¡¡£¨d£© there now is a greater proportion of elderly and£ handicapped people among those in poverty
¡¡£¨e£© poverty has increased since the 1930¡®s

4.which of the following proposals best responds to the£ issues raised by the author£¿
¡¡£¨a£© innovative programs using multiple approachesshould be set up to reduce the level ofunemployment.
¡¡£¨b£© a compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who£ hold the opposite view.
¡¡£¨c£© new statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
¡¡£¨d£© consideration should be given to the ways in whichstatistics can act as partial causes of the phenomenathat they purport to measure.
¡¡£¨e£© the labor force should be restructured so that itcorresponds to the range of job vacancies.

5.the author¡®s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most£ probably to show that
¡¡£¨a£© there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force
¡¡£¨b£© unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness
¡¡£¨c£© recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers
¡¡£¨d£© a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship
¡¡£¨e£© there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures

6. the author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by
¡¡£¨a£© the employed poor
¡¡£¨b£© dependent children in single-earner families
¡¡£¨c£© workers who become disabled
¡¡£¨d£© retired workers
¡¡£¨e£© full-time workers who become unemployed£ 
¡¡¡¡£ 
7. according to the passage£¬ one factor that causes£ unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict£ the amount of economic hardship is the
¡¡£¨a£© recurrence of periods of unemployment for a£ group of low-wage workers
¡¡£¨b£© possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker
¡¡£¨c£© fact that unemployment counts do not include tose who work for low wages and remain poor
¡¡£¨d£© establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
¡¡£¨e£© prevalence£¬ among low-wage workers and the unemployed£¬ of members of families in which£ others are employed

8. the conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the£ number of people who suffer as a result of forced¡¡idleness depends primarily on the point that
¡¡£¨a£© in times of high unemployment£¬ there are some£ people who do not remain unemployed for long
¡¡£¨b£© the capacity for self-support depends on£ receiving moderate-to-high wages£ 
¡¡£¨c£© those in forced idleness include£¬ besides the£ unemployed£¬ both underemployed part-time¡¡workers and those not actively seeking work
¡¡£¨d£© at different times during the year£¬ different people£ are unemployed
¡¡£¨e£© many of those who are affected by unemploy-ment are dependents of unemployed workers

9. which of the following£¬ if true£¬ is the best criticism of£ the author¡®s argument concerning why poverty£ statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of£ £  problems in the labor market£¿
¡¡£¨a£© a short-term increase in the number of those in£ poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment£ £  remains approximately constant.
¡¡£¨b£© for those who are in poverty as a result of£ joblessness£¬ there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.
¡¡£¨c£© poverty statistics do not consistently agree with£ earnings statistics£¬ when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.
¡¡£¨d£© the elderly and handicapped categories include£ many who previously were employed in the labor market.
¡¡£¨e£© since the labor market is global in nature£¬ poor£ workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of£ £  wages and the existence of jobs.

passage 6
¡¡¡¡in the eighteenth century£¬ japan¡®s feudaloverlords£¬from the shogun to the humblestsamurai£¬ found themselves under financialstress. in part£¬ this stress can be attributed to£¨5£© the overlords¡¯ failure to adjust to a rapidly ex-panding economy£¬ but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords¡® control. concen-tration of the samurai in castle-towns had actedas a stimulus to trade. commercial efficiency£¬ in£¨10£© turn£¬ had put temptations in the way of buyers.since most samurai had been reduced to idlenessby years of peace£¬ encouraged to engage inscholarship and martial exercises or to performadministrative tasks that took little time£¬ it is£¨15£© not surprising that their tastes and habits grewexpensive. overlords¡¯ income£¬ despite the in-crease in rice production among their tenantfarmers£¬ failed to keep pace with their expenses.although shortfalls in overlords¡® income re-£¨20£© sulted almost as much from laxity among their£  tax collectors £¨the nearly inevitable outcome of£  hereditary officeholding£© as from their higher£  standards of living£¬ a misfortune like a fire or£  flood£¬ bringing an increase in expenses or a drop£¨25£© in revenue£¬ could put a domain in debt to the£  city rice-brokers who handled its finances. once£  in debt£¬ neither the individual samurai nor the£  shogun himself found it easy to recover.£  it was difficult for individual samurai over-£¨30£© lords to increase their income because the£  amount of rice that farmers could be made to£  pay in taxes was not unlimited£¬ and since the in-£  come of japan¡¯s central government consisted in£  part of taxes collected by the shogun from his£¨35£© huge domain£¬ the government too was con-£  strained. therefore£¬ the tokugawa shoguns£  began to look to other sources for revenue.£  cash profits from government-owned mines£  were already on the decline because the most£¨40£© easily worked deposits of silver and gold had£  been exhausted£¬ although debasement of the£  coinage had compensated for the loss. opening£  up new farmland was a possibility£¬ but most of£  what was suitable had already been exploited£¨45£© and further reclamation was technically unfeasi-£  ble. direct taxation of the samurai themselves£  would be politically dangerous. this left the£  shoguns only commerce as a potential source of£  government income.
¡¡¡¡£¨50£©most of the country¡®s wealth£¬ or so it seemed£¬was finding its way into the hands of city mer-chants. it appeared reasonable that they should£  contribute part of that revenue to ease the£  shogun¡¯s burden of financing the state. a means£¨55£© of obtaining such revenue was soon found by£  levying forced ioans£¬ known as goyo-kin£»£  although these were not taxes in the strict sense£¬£  since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary£  in amount£¬ they were high in yield. unfortunately£¬£¨60£© they pushed up prices. thus£¬ regrettably£¬ the£  tokugawa shoguns¡® search for solvency for the£  government made it increasingly difficult forindividual japanese who lived on fixed stipends£  to make ends meet.

1. the passage is most probably an excerpt from
¡¡£¨a£© an economic history of japan£ 
¡¡£¨b£© the memoirs of a samurai warrior
£ £¨c£© a modern novel about eighteenth-century japan
£ £¨d£© an essay contrasting japanese feudalism with its western counterpart
¡¡£¨e£© an introduction to a collection of japanese folktales

2. which of the following financial situations is most£ analogous to the financial situation in which japan¡®s£ tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth£ century£¿
¡¡£¨a£© a small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment£¬ but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.
¡¡£¨b£© fire destroys a small business£¬ but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.
¡¡£¨c£© a small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history£¿
¡¡£¨d£© a small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.
¡¡£¨e£© a small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.

3. which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16£¿
¡¡£¨a£© warmly approving
¡¡£¨b£© mildly sympathetic
¡¡£¨c£© bitterly disappointed
¡¡£¨d£© harshly disdainful
¡¡£¨e£© profoundly shocked

4. according to the passage£¬ the major reason for the financial problems experienced by japan¡®s feudal£ overlords in the eighteenth century was that
¡¡£¨a£© spending had outdistanced income
¡¡£¨b£© trade had fallen off
¡¡£¨c£© profits from mining had declined
¡¡£¨d£© the coinage had been sharply debased
¡¡£¨e£© the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns

5.the passage implies that individual samurai did not£ find it easy to recover from debt for which of the£ following reasons£¿
¡¡£¨a£© agricultural production had increased.
¡¡£¨b£© taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
¡¡£¨c£© the japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changing economy.
¡¡£¨d£© the domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.
¡¡£¨e£© there was a limit to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.

6. the passage suggests that£¬ in eighteenth-century£ japan£¬ the office of tax collector
¡¡£¨a£© was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
¡¡£¨b£© was regarded with derision by many japanese
¡¡£¨c£© remained within families
¡¡£¨d£© existed only in castle-towns£ 
¡¡£¨e£© took up most of the officeholder¡®s time

7. which of the following could best be substituted£ for the word ¡°this ¡± in line 47 without changing the£ meaning of the passage£¿
¡¡£¨a£© the search of japan¡®s tokugawa shoguns for solvency
¡¡£¨b£© the importance of commerce in feudal japan
¡¡£¨c£© the unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth-century japan
¡¡£¨d£© the difficulty of increasing government income by other means
¡¡£¨e£© the difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself in extricating themselves from debt

8. the passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the£  state£¿
¡¡£¨a£© a series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
¡¡£¨b£© most of the country¡®s wealth appeared to be in city merchants¡¯ hands.
¡¡£¨c£© japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.
¡¡£¨d£© the merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.
¡¡£¨e£© further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.

9. according to the passage£¬ the actions of the tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government£ were regrettable because those actions
¡¡£¨a£© raised the cost of living by pushing up prices
¡¡£¨b£© resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily£ worked deposits of silver and gold
¡¡£¨c£© were far lower in yield than had originally been£ anticipated
¡¡£¨d£© did not succeed in reducing government spending
¡¡£¨e£© acted as a deterrent to trade

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