【写作指导】
记叙文（Narration）是以记叙人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种。一般说来，它大致分为三类：
一是以记人为主的记叙文，即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物可以写一件事，也可写几件事；
二是以写事为主的记叙文，即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件可以写一个人，也可以写几个人；
三是以写景状物为主的记叙文。
但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不能截然分开，但各有侧重。
【基本要求】
1． 交代清楚人物(who／whom)、时间(when)、地点(where)、事由(what)。
2． 按故事或事件发生的时间先后依次叙述。
3． 主题鲜明，内容清楚。
文章中的故事应有头有尾，要写出事情的发生、发展、变化及结束的过程。确切地说，在记叙时要把与一件事物有关的时间、地点、人物、原因等因素交代清楚，才能给人一种完整的认识和印象。
4． 层次分明，有条有理。
记叙时，要有开头，正文及结尾。有时涉及几个人或几件事，一件事往往牵涉到相关的次要事情；有时一件大事中还包括小事，这就要对记叙的事情做出分析，分清主线和副线，围绕主线安排副线。
5． 详略得当，主次适宜。
记叙事情时，要注意主题鲜明突出，清楚具体，内容感人深刻。写人时，要抓住典型事例、典型行动和表现。对中心事件和最能表现中心思想的地方，要详细叙述；次要的东西，就少写或不写。
【注意事项】
1． 仔细审题，确定主题。文章的目的、内容、结构层次以及语言的运用，都要围绕主题进行。
2． 根据情景提示和主题，安排文章的结构层次，用每段的首句即主题句来指明段落的中心思想。安排好关键的主题句，就会使中心更加突出，眉目清楚。
3． 要进行审题，根据内容需要，确定好句子的种类、句型结构和习惯表达。这样可以避免中国式的英语，提高语言的正确性。初写时，多模仿句型写简单句，循序渐进，逐步深化。
4．句子时态要在上下文中有相关性、连续性；要与表达内容一致。
5．写作前最好有个简明扼要的提纲，使自己的写作有章可循。审题后要先写出草稿，经过修改之后，再正式成文。
【佳作欣赏】
例1．记人
马克·吐温是美国著名作家。请根据下面提供的内容写一篇人物简介。
词数：100左右。
马克·吐温(1835－1910)生于美国Missouri。他是美国19世纪著名的作家之一。他的家乡位于密西西比河畔。成年后，他曾在密西西比河的船上当水手。马克·吐温是他的笔名。
他写过很多小说，其中最著名的是《汤姆索耶历险记》。他的作品被译成多国文字，深受全世界读者喜爱。
范文：
Mark Twain(1835－1910)， one of the best known American writers in the nineteenth century， was born in Missouri in the middle part of the United States．
Mark Twain’s hometown lay on the banks of the Mississippi River， where he spent his childhood．When he grew up he worked as a sailor on a riverboat for some time． Mark Twain was his pen name．
Mark Twain wrote a lot of novels， one of which is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer， the masterpiece which brought him fame and honor． Some of his writings have been translated into many languages． He and his works are deeply loved by readers throughout the world．
点评：
(1) 本文为人物简介，共分三段，层层深入地把马克·吐温一生的重大事情表达得清清楚楚。文章的时态主要用过去时，最后两句与现在有关，因此用了现在完成时和一般现在时。
(2)文章简洁明了，第一句以一个带有同位语的句子代替两个简单句，使句子简练。第二、三段的第一句中分别用了定语从句，使句子缩短，避免冗长。
例2．记事
假如你参加了一次植树活动，请根据以下内容写一篇短文。要求包括：时间、天气、参加者(你的老师、同学们)、植树地点及棵数、劳动场面及表现突出的人物、感想。
注意使用以下词语：go all out 鼓足干劲；be afraid of falling behind 害怕落后；set an example to sb树立榜样；in spite of 尽管；ahead of time 提前。
词数：120左右。
范文：
Planting Trees
It was fine on April 8， 2003． That day all the students in our class went to the suburb of our city to plant trees．
On arriving at the planting place at 8 o’clock， the teacher asked each of us to plant 5 trees at least． Then we set about digging， planting and watering． All of us were going all out to finish our task， afraid of falling behind． Among us， our monitor set a good example to us． In spite of his illness， he accepted his task and finished it ahead of time． Then he went on to help others without a little rest． After work， he was wet all over． He looked pale， but he was full of joy． Looking at the lines of the young trees， we smiled pleasantly， forgetting our tiredness．
点评：
(1) 文章记叙了2003年4月8日种树的情况，因此全文用过去时。第一段交代清楚这次活动的时间、地点和参加的人员。第二段按提示的要求叙述植树的过程。
(2) 用短语“On arriving at…”，来表示时间，比用时间状语从句“As soon as we arrived at…”要简练得多。
(3) 用 In spite of his illness， without a little rest 替代从句或简单句，使句子更加生动。
例3．写景
根据下列内容提示，以“Gulangyu — a Fairyland in the World”为题，写一篇短文，描绘鼓浪屿的美景。
① 鼓浪屿是厦门市的一个小岛，海水把它与市区分开。整个小岛像一座水上花园，人称“人间仙境”。
② 这里不允许车辆行驶，岛上十分安静，到处能听到弹奏钢琴、拉提琴的声音。
③ “日光岩”是岛上的最高处，在这里可以一览厦门和其他岛屿的美景。
④ 这里天水相连，天气晴朗时可用望远镜清晰地看见金门岛。
⑤ “日光岩”脚下是一座风景如画的花园，44孔桥像一条白色巨龙横跨海面，非常美！
参考词汇：①风景 (画) landscape
②仙境 fairyland
③横跨 span
范文：
Gulangyu—a Fairyland in theWorld
Gulangyu is an island separated from Xiamen city． It’s like a garden on the water． The shade of the trees covers nearly whole island． Cars， buses， bikes are not allowed to drive there．Everyone should walk． This makes the place very quiet so that music played by the piano or the violin can be heard here and there．
The Sunshine Rock is the highest place on the island， so it has become the symbol of Gulangyu．Standing at the top of the Sunshine Rock， one can see the landscape of the whole Xiamen and other small islands． The sky and the sea meet on the horizon． It’s said that people can see clearly the Jinmen Island through telescope when the sun is shining．
At the foot of the Sunshine Rock is a beautiful garden． The Forty-four Bridge spans over the water like a white dragon． What a beautiful picture！
Such is Gulangyu， a fairyland in the world．
点评：
本文采用先总后分的写法对鼓浪屿进行了描写。第一段总的介绍其地理位置与特点。第二、三段采取由上到下或由高向低的顺序进行描述:第二段写由该岛最高处俯瞰全城的情景；第三段写山脚下的花园美景。最后，用一句话总括全文：鼓浪屿是人间仙境，与文章的题目相照应。
【教你一招】
写作要求：
根据下列内容提示写一篇短文，字数100字左右。
(1) 今天下午在多功能教室(multi-functional classroom)举办了题为“挑战未来”的英语演讲比赛。
(2)听完演讲的感想及今后的打算。 写作步骤：
第一步：
1．确定文章的基本时态 —— 一般过去式。
2．根据所给提示基本上可以确定文章可分为两个自然段。
第二步：
列出一些与文章大意有关的词或短语。
An English lecture competition， the multi-functional classroom， hold， challenge the future，
title， fluent English， ashamed， study hard to improve my English
第三步：
将这些关键词串联成句、组成文，完成后仔细检查是否有错误。
This afternoon an English lecture competition， whose title is Challenge the Future， was held in the multi-functional classroom． The competitors gave wonderful lectures in fluent English and won thunderous applauses．
Compared with their English， I felt ashamed of my poor English． So I’ve made up my mind to study hard and I’m sure I can speak English as well as they do someday．
【习作点评】
写作要求：
请就下面故事写一篇120字左右的短文。
从前，遥远山庄有一少年，酷爱读书。然而因家境贫寒，无钱买书。他听说远方有一户富人家收藏着各种书籍，乐交诚实少年。于是，少年长途跋涉，借书求知。富人说：“只要爱护书籍，及时交还，可随意借书”。
历时多年，少年总是及时读完所借书籍，从不延迟交还。就这样，该少年博览群书，长大后成了大科学家。
习作原文：
There was once an honest boy in a far away① mountain village． He was very fond of reading．But his family was too poor to buy him any books． Far away from the village there lived a rich man who had a library in which he kept all kinds of books． This man liked honest teenagers． When the boy learned it②， he walked a long way to visit him and asked the rich man to borrow③ him some books． “You can borrow any books as you like if only you keep them clean and return them on time④，” the man said．
For many years the boy always finished to read⑤ the books in a given time and was never late in returning them back⑥． In this way the boy read a lot of books and when he grew up， he became a great scientist．
点评：
本文写出了全部要点，层次分明，语言通顺，复合句用得不错。但有几处语法错误：①把 far away 改为faraway。faraway是形容词，意为“遥远的”，只能作前置定语，不能作状语。far away是固定词组，意为“很远”，只能作表语、状语和后置定语，如第4句。②it 改为 this。 it 代替前面提到的名词，而且与前面的名词指同一物。this 代替上文的内容。③把 borrow 改为 lend 。因为borrow 是“借入”，而 lend 是“借出”。④把 on time 改为 in time 。on time 是“准时”，指正好在规定的时间内，既不迟，也不早。in time 是“及时”，指按照预定的时间还有富余，可做些别的事情。⑤to read 改为 reading。 finish后只能用v-ing形式作宾语，不可用不定式作宾语。 finish reading意为“读完”。⑥把 back 去掉。因 return 意为“归还(give sth back)”。
【习作练兵】
1． 请根据中文提示，用英语写出下列故事。
有位妇女心脏病犯了，去看医生。这位大夫是新来的，并不认识她。于是先问了她一些问题。其中一个问题是：“你多大岁数？” 她答道：“大夫，我记不起来了，我得好好想想。”她想了一会儿，然后说：“我现在想起来了，结婚时，我是18岁，我丈夫30岁。现在我丈夫60岁，这正好是30岁的两倍。所以我现在是18岁的两倍，那就是36岁。对吗？”
词数：100左右。
2． 请根据以下提示，写一篇120字左右的英文短文，介绍你的暑假生活。
(1) 与祖父母在农村住了半个月；
(2) 山和田野绿树成荫；
(3) 有时去村西的小河洗澡，河水清澈；
(4) 每天写日记；
(5) 除了干农活以外，还帮助邻居的孩子补课；
(6) 孩子们对英语感兴趣，读和写较好，但听不懂简单的英语。你每天早上帮他们提高听力和口语，他们进步很大；
(7) 孩子们的家长赞扬你；
(8) 农村需要知识。
参考答案
1． A woman was having some trouble with her heart， so she went to see her doctor． He was a new doctor and did not know her， so he first asked some questions， and one of them was， “How old are you﹖”
“Well，” she answered， “I don’t remember， doctor， but I will try to think．” She thought for a minute and then said． “Yes， I remember now， doctor！ When I married， I was eighteen years old and my husband was thirty． Now my husband is sixty， I know， that is twice thirty． So I am twice eighteen． That is thirty-six， isn’t it﹖”
2． During this year’s summer vacation， I spent half a month helping my grandparents do farm work in the country． I saw the mountains and fields were covered with green trees． Sometimes I went swimming in the river， which was to the west of the village． The river water was quite clear． I kept a diary every day．
Besides my doing farm work， I helped the neighbors’ children with their lessons． All of them were interested in English． They could read and write English well， but they could hardly understand simple English． Every morning I spent about two hours in helping them to improve their listening and spoken English． They all made great progress． Their parents praised me highly． In my opinion knowledge is much needed in the countryside．
如何写描写文
【写作指导】
描写（Portray）就是用生动、形象的语言将人物、事物、景物等的特征和性质活灵活现地刻画或描绘出来，使读者如见其人、如闻其声、如临其境。为了使人或事物的特征跃然纸上，我们往往在写文章时把叙述和描写结合起来。描写就是形象化的叙述。
1． 描写文的分类
就描写对象而言，描写可分为人物描写、景物描写和场面描写等。
(1) 人物描写：指描写人物的肖像、语言、动作、心理活动及生活细节等，旨在塑造活灵活现的人物。
(2) 景物描写：是指对山川风光、鸟树鱼虫、风花雪月等的描写。
(3) 场面描写：指对一个特定时间和地点发生的事情的描写，如劳动场面、会议场面、战斗场面等的描写。
就叙述的方式而言，描写又可分为主观描写和客观描写，如：“这棵树很美”是主观描写；“这棵树高四米”是客观描写。所谓主观描写，就是在描述人或事物的特征或特性时，可以把自己对此人或此事物的看法表现出来；客观描写就是就事论事。在实际写作中通常是主观描写与客观描写相结合，这样既能描绘出事物本身的特性，又能表现出作者的态度和观点。
2． 描写文的语言
(1) 描写文的语言特征是大量使用动词和修饰语，这些词汇的使用可以使被描述的对象具体、形象地表现出来。为了使文章更生动，要适当地运用形容词、同义词或派生形容词、副词等，避免单调重复。
(2) 写好描写文，要求语言具体、准确，以利于表达文章内容。试比较下面两句话：
①He was very， very angry．
他非常非常生气。
②His face turned red， and one corner of his mouth twitched as he tried to control his anger．
他的脸通红，嘴角抽搐地强压着怒火。
同样是描写“生气”，第②句比第①句描述得具体、生动得多。
3． 描写文的具体写法
(1) 描写文的写法多种多样，可以先从具体描写某一事物开始，然后再泛写与之相关的其它事物；还可以先写不重要的事物，最后重点突出所要描写的事物；还可以按照事物所处的空间顺序，如前后左右等，来描述事物。
(2) 灵活运用各种修辞手法。根据需要恰当地运用比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法，可以使描述更生动、形象，更好地说明问题。如：
①He says he is almost as busy as a bee． 他说他忙得团团转。(比喻)
②My heart is like a singing bird． 我的心情像小鸟在歌唱。(比喻)
(3)要写好描写文，既要有丰富的想象力和敏锐的观察力，还要具有语言描写能力。因此，我们在中学阶段应该有意识地努力培养这三种能力；在日常生活中要利用感官，多观察周围的事物，并在英语学习中，进行广泛的阅读，多积累词汇，多做练习。
【佳作欣赏】
例1．景物描写
请你写一篇文章，描写港口城市青岛，内容要求如下：
① 位于山东省东部；
② 以蓝色的大海，美丽的海滨而闻名，是避暑胜地；
③ 每年夏天来自全国和世界各地成千上万的人到这里沿海漫步、游泳、购物、观赏秀丽景色；
④ 近年来，该城市发生了巨大变化，对发展我国对外贸易起到重要作用，并成为国际港口城市。
参考词汇： 迷人的 attractive 别墅 villa
东西方风格的 Eastern-and-Western-style
范文：
The City of Qingdao
The city of Qingdao lies in the east of Shandong Province． It is famous for its blue sea and beautiful beaches．
Qingdao is a wonderful place for summer holidays． Tens of thousands of people from all parts of the country and all corners of the world come to visit the city every summer． They walk along the beaches， go swimming in the sea or do some shopping in the stores or the markets． They can see the fine views of the city． Especially attractive are the building groups of the Eastern-and-Western-style mixed houses and villas．
Great changes have taken place in Qingdao in the recent years． It has played an important role in the development of the foreign trade of our country． Its port is busy． Ships from all countries come and go every day． It has become an international port city．
点评：
（1） 本文引言段是对青岛的概述。第二段描写其海滨的特色和市内建筑的特点。第三段写其港口的景色及其在我国对外贸易中所起的作用。
（2） 本文有两种句子结构值得借鉴：其一是平行结构，如第二段中的“all parts of the country and all corners of the world”和“walk along the beaches， go swimming in the sea or do some shopping in the stores or the markets”，这种结构能够给人以节奏的美感。其二是倒装语序的句子：“Especially attractive are the building groups of the Eastern-and-Western-style mixed houses and villas．”这个句子把表语提到句首，把主语置于句末，避免了头重脚轻。英语句法修辞上有一条“句尾重心”的准则，要求把分量重的成分放在句子末尾，以起到强调主要内容的作用。
例2．人物描写
根据下文提示，以“My Good Friends”为题，写一篇150字左右的描写文。
Tom 和 Jack虽然完全不同，但他们都是我的好朋友。
Tom 很矮、很胖。他喜欢穿好衣服。每月在父母给他钱之前，他就把钱花光了。他愿意和别人呆在一起，总是很快乐，并喜欢说笑话。他特别喜欢参加聚会。他的周围老是围着一群人。他喜欢跳舞、听喧闹的音乐。每次聚会他都会高唱他最喜欢的歌。Tom 是一个特别外向的人。
Jack 在外表、 人品和生活习惯上都和 Tom 完全不同。他瘦瘦的，高高的，喜欢穿普通的衣服。他生活节俭，每月都能省一些钱。他喜欢安静、独处， 很少笑， 是一个很严肃的人。他喜欢读书、画画，独自旅游， 是个特别内向的人。
参考词汇：特别外向的人：a typical extrovert
人品：personality
特别内向的人：a typical introvert
普通的衣服：plain clothes
节约地：frugally
范文：
My Good Friends
Tom and Jack are all my good friends although they are completely different from each other．
Tom is very short and rather fat． He likes to be well-dressed． Every month Tom spends all his money before his parents give him some more． Tom enjoys being with people． He’s extremely cheerful all the time and likes to tell jokes． He loves to go to parties， and is always surrounded by people．He likes to dance and to listen to loud music． At every party he sings his favorite songs at the top of his voice． Tom is a typical extrovert．
Jack is completely different from Tom in looks， personality， and habits． Jack is tall and thin．He likes to wear plain clothes and live frugally． Every month he is able to save some money．Jack likes quietness and to stay alone． He seldom laughs； he is very serious． He loves reading， painting and traveling alone． He is a typical introvert．
点评：
本文用对比的方式将Tom和Jack两个人描写得栩栩如生，第一段点明主题，第二、三段展开叙述，从各个方面描写了两个人的不同特点， 而且层次分明，条理清晰。
例3．场面描写
根据下列内容提示，以“An Exciting Race ”为题，写一篇短文，描写一接力赛的场面。
一年一度的田径运动会开始了。在最后一个项目下午3点左右举行的女子400米接力赛中，你班的4名同学配合得很好，她们的个人素质也不错，再加上你们全班同学的鼓劲，她们最终取得了第一名的好成绩。
参考词汇：
热身运动：warm-up exercises 发令员：starter 发令枪：pistol 抓住：grab 一年一度的: annual
范文：
An Exciting Race
The annual field and track sports meet was held in our school．
It was the last day of the sports meet． At about three o’clock in the afternoon， there came a voice from the speaker， “Next item is the girl’s 400-metre relay race． Runners please get everything ready!” On hearing this， the four girl runners of our class， Helen， Jane， Nora and Dinah， gathered quickly by the track and did some warm-up exercises． With strong determination， Dinah said to her teammates， “We should win honor for our class and put up a good show．” After teams from six other classes were ready， the starter ordered， “On your marks(各就各位)．” Then came the pistol shot． At the sound of it， the first runners shot from their starting points．Many students stared at a thin sixteen-year-old girl named Helen who started very fast and became the first one． Soon the second runners grabbed the sticks and raced on． Nora， the third runner had the stick and took the lead．Already running， Dinah reached for the stick． She was flying three or four steps ahead of the others．
Dinah urged（催促） herself， “Faster! Faster!” We cheered her up， shouting at the top of our voices． Bit by bit， she pulled quite ahead． It was too late for the others to close the gap and we all sighed with relief． At the finishing line， Dinah was the first one who reached the end．
At that moment， nothing would have been more exciting． We laughed， shouted， and we were very proud of our heroines． We praised them for their good teamwork．
点评：
本文描写了女子400米接力赛的场面。作者把这一场面放在一个很长的段落里来写，给人以紧凑、紧张、鼓舞人心的感觉。有些地方描写生动、具体，使读者好像身临其境，如：“there came a voice from the speaker，‘Next item is the girl’s 400-metre relay race． Runners please get everything ready!’”；“… the first runners shot from their starting points”；“Soon the second runners already moving， grabbed the stick and aced on．”等。
中学英语写作例讲[全文结束]
