动词的时态和语态
【考点分析】
1.对下列十种时态的考查：
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成时 将来完成时 过去将来时
2.既考查时态又考查语态;
3.考查动词的及物与不及物;
4.考查主动形式表示被动意义;
5.考查动词词组在被动语态中的介词问题;
6.对被动语态习惯句型的考查。
【知识点归纳】
I.动词时态和语态的构成形式
主动语态的构成
一般现在时一般过去时
do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)
现在进行时过去进行时
is/am/are doingwas/were doing
现在完成时过去完成时
has/have donehad done
现在完成进行时过去完成进行时
has/have been doinghad been doing
一般将来时过去将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do
was/were going to do
was/were(about)to do
被动语态的构成
一般现在时一般过去时
is/am/are donewas/were done
现在进行时过去进行时
is/am/are being donewas/were being done
现在完成时过去完成时
has/have been donehad been done
一般将来时过去将来时
will/shall be done
is/am/are going to be done
is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done
was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to be done
II.动词时态的用法
1.一般现在时
①一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等;
②主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
③在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作;
There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。
注意：近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
虽然航海发生在过去，但是，海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时。
2.现在进行时
①表示正在进行的动作;
②表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
③代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
④与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行;
He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。
She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。
⑤大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。
常见的有：
▲感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear
▲情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear
▲心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt
▲所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。
3.现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作;
I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
②表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用;
He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
③表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”;
表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.
④在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。
When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.
We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.
注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时;试比较：
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
She will call you when she gets home.
⑤短暂动词(即瞬间动词)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,
break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用：
▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.
▲“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.
▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in(over) the
past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。
4.现在完成进行时
①用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作;
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
②凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。
5.一般过去时
①表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为;
He often sang when he was a boy.
He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.
②用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。
用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。
I didn’t know you were here.(现在已经知道)
Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了)
这一用法考生要特别注意。
注意：参看过去将来时的用法②。
