第二篇
Kasparov: Chess Computers Beatable...For Now
Humans will continue to beat computers for years, but the machines are likely to dominate in matches played over several games, according to the world's top chess player.
“We will not see a machine replacing a human being in our lifetime. Man will be able to beat a computer in at least one game for a very long time,” Kasparov told a press conference in Moscow a week after setting for a draw in a six-game match with the computer Deep Junior in New York. But while human intuition can provide an advantage in individual games, “Man will never be able to play 8 or 10 games in a row to an equal level,” Kasparov said. He gradually declines for a variety or external factors: the weather, a headache, a headache, family strains or whatever.
In his Man vs. Machine contest in the United States, Kasparov won the first game, but lost the third after committing a mid-game blunder. He then adopted a safety-first strategy, and in the sixth game passed up a chance to win by accepting a draw in a position some analysts said was favourable.
Kasparov-watchers believe he was determined above all not to lose to Deep Junior because he was still smarting from a defeat to another computer, Deep Blue, in 1997. That loss clearly rankled Kasparov, and he said at the time that the computer had been receiving assistance from its human operators.
The Russian, who has reigned undisputed as the world's top player since 1985, said he was “satisfied overall” with his result against Deep Junior, although “if I'd been in better shape and had more time to prepare the result might have been different.” He stressed the importance of psychology in chess between one human player and another, and described the “psychological discomfort” involved in adapting to a confrontation with a machine. In chess with humans, “you're always attempting to impose your decisions on the personality of your rival. A game is always an exchange of errors, of imprecision. It's psychology. There's never complete exactitude or purity in a game of chess,” he said. “But playing against a machine, beyond a certain point, to win or even to save the game you have to play with absolute exactitude, which is not human quality. Knowing this specificity of your rival creates a psychological discomfort which is very difficult to overcome.”
Kasparov was at pains to stress that his 1997 defeat was an aberration: “The main thing was to show that what happened then nothing to do with the fight between man and machine. Any impartial specialist can see that Deep Junior is much stronger that Deep Blue. The real battle begins now.”
36 According to Kasparov, ________.
A humans can beat computers in individual games
B computers will never take the place of human beings in games
C human beings can never beat computers in individual or series games
D human intuition plays an important role in games
37 In the contest with Deep Junior in the United States, Kasparov ________.
A lost the game
B won the game
C settled for a draw
D left the game unfinished
38 Which of the following statements is true about Kasparov's contest with Deep Blue in 1997?
A He made up his mind to win Deep Blue.
B He was smart enough to have beaten Deep Blue.
C Deep Blue received human assistance.
D Kasparov was unwilling to admit his defeat by Deep Blue.
39 According to Kasparov, a human vs machine chess game may involve all the following qualities EXCEPT that ________.
A it involves psychological discomfort in the mind of the human player
B it demands the human player of absolute exactitude
C it creates an exchange of errors between man and machine
D it is difficult to overcome psychological discomfort
40 Kasparov's remarks on his 1997 defeat imply that ________.
A man was no match to computer in intelligence
B Deep Blue was unbeatable
C Deep Blue also made blunders
D if he had made no blunders, he should have beaten Deep Blue
第三篇
U.S. Marks 175 Locomotive Years
Built by the Mason machine Worlds in 1856, the 27,900-kilogram William Mason was an example of the archetypal 19th Century American locomotive, the oldest in operation in the United States. The locomotive was transferred last month from its open bay in B&O's historic roundhouse to ready it for this summer's Fair of the Iron Horse, a celebration of 175 years of American railroading, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Tests will show whether the old gauges and boiler pressure points are up to federal standards to operate during the six-day festival.
“This is sort of the world's fair of railroading,” said Courtney Wilson, executive director of the B&O Railroad Museum. The festival will run from June 28 to July 3 and display what organizers say is the most impressive collection of locomotives in the Western Hemisphere.
At the museum, an area will be set aside for model trains to keep toddlers interested. Children will learn about safety rules around train tracks. Adults will be able to track the development of railroad technology-from horse power to steam and diesel power to magnetic levitation, which can push trains at speeds upward of 390 kph.
“We have locomotives coming from all over the country, and we believe even the Rocket is coming from England--the very first locomotive in the world-to participate in this fair,” Wilson said.
The Rocket, the first successful steam locomotive in the world, won a competition in 1829 as the fastest locomotive—an event that helped spark worldwide railway interest.
“it was probably the fastest machine on Earth in its time,” Wilson said.
Rail companies in France, Canada, Germany and Spain have been invited to participate in this year's event.
“This will probably be the last time in this century that these many locomotives will be assembled in one spot, and it'll be a once-in-a lifetime experience,” Wilson said.
The B&O Railroad was the host of a similar event in 1927 in nearby Hale Thorpe that attracted more than 1.25 million visitors over three weeks. The railroad held the event for its 100th anniversary.
Museum officials hope the event gives people a better appreciation of trains.
The museum's 22-sided roundhouse will be a focal point in the months leading up to the festival. Completed in 1884, the building rises 40. 5 meters into a huge cupola and covers nearly a half hectare of ground. The roundhouse has been in continuous use since its construction.
Inside is the most significant collection of railroad artifacts in the nation, including a replica built in 1926 of the Tom Thumb—the first American built locomotive (constructed in 1830)—and the St. Elizabeth—one of the last steam engines built in the United States(1950).
The museum, which sits on about 16 hectares in west Baltimore, holds locomotives, freight and passenger cars and other rolling stock-including cars from the nation's first trains, which were pulled by horses.
41 William Mason was the oldest locomotive in operation ________.
A in the world
B in America
C in England
D in the region of Baltimore
42 The oldest locomotive will be put to tests again to make sure ________.
A its commercial operation is safe
B it competes with the Rocket in good shape
C its technical information to be presented to the Fair is accurate
D it is up to the federal standards before operation
43 Which of the following statements is NOT a correct description of the Rocket?
A It was the first successful steam locomotive in the world.
B It is believed to be the fastest locomotive in its time.
C It will be put on display in festival.
D It sped up the development of railroading in America.
44 How large is the museum's roundhouse?
A One-tenth of the museum.
B 16 hectares.
C One-thirty-second of the museum.
D Not mentioned.
45 Which of the following best describes the collection of the artifacts in the museum?
A Its collection is important and representative.
B The collection is not rich enough.
C The replica of the Tom Thumb is disappointing.
D The St. Elizabeth, one of the last steam engines is not among the artifacts.
第五部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Economic Growth
The economy of a nation requires 46. Total output must grow if the country is to absorb about 1. 5 million new workers who enter the labor force each year and more workers who are replaced each year as a form of technological change. If the nation produced the same level of output each year, instead of increasing it, people would have fewer jobs, growing unemployment, and a decline in the per-capita(人均的)income of the nation. To maintain or increase the existing standard of living and to prevent unemployment from rising, 47.Higher rates of employment and substantial per-capita output gains seem to occur when the real economic growth rate is over 3%, as it was in the years 1983 through 1988. Recent experience shows that, with a real growth rate of less than 2.5%, the U.S. economy suffers from 48
For example, unemployment at the end of 1990 was 5.4% of the labor force.
But by the end of 1991, unemployment was more than 6.6% of the labor force. Why did this happen? Simply because the real output of goods and services declined in 1991. New members into the labor force could not be absorbed, so 49. Furthermore, a large number of workers withdrew from the labor force altogether because 50. Instead of rising in 1991, the real GDP actually fell 0.7%. Real GDP rose again in 1992 by 2.6%, but unemployment also rose to 7.3% of the labor force. GDP continued to rise during 1993, gained a 3%. At the same time unemployment stood at 6.8% of the labor force. Per-capita income also grew again during 1993.
A unemployment rose
B they were unable to find work
C a healthy rate of economic growth
D out of work
E they must increase real gross domestic product (GDP) continuously
F higher unemployment and limited gains in per-capita output and income
第六部分：完型填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
How the Body Keeps the Same Temperature
The temperature of your body should be always just the same, no matter whether the weather is hot or cold. That is why the doctor uses his thermometer when you are sick. When you are well, your temperature is ninety-eight and six tenths degrees. If he finds it 51 than that, it is a sure sign that something is wrong.
The body keeps the same temperature all the time, because it balances (平衡) the heat it produces and 52 off. It is always burning up food and producing heat. It can produce heat faster when it needs to or give off heat faster when it becomes too warm. Let's see 53 this happens.
The heat of your body is given off chiefly through the skin. When you are 54, your skin is tight and shows “goose flesh”. When you get chilly (寒冷的) ,you must dance around to keep warm or 55 you will shiver (颤抖). 56 your muscles begin to work, burn up fuel, and produce more heat. It is not 57 to shiver, so you usually prefer warming up by exercise, or put 58 more clothes to keep heat in.
When you are warm, the skin is loose and soft. It is so supplied 59 blood that heat is given off rapidly. If you get too hot, you begin to sweat, and 60 body heat is used in evaporating (蒸发) the moisture (潮湿) from your skin. You wear less clothing, too, in warm 61 or in a warm room, so that warmth can be given off freely. You feel you don't 62 exercising because your body is warm 63, and the extra heat produced by exercise makes you uncomfortable.
You can see from this why you 64 differently in different kinds of weather. In summer, when it is warm, you feel tired and lazy. You do not care to work or play, but enjoy lying and doing nothing. When you get out of doors in winter, the cold air makes you feel 65 You want to run and play.
51 A taller
B better
C superior
D higher
52 A gives
B puts
C shows
D keeps
53 A how
B when
C what
D why
54 A warm
B hot
C cool
D cold
55 A but
B well
C so
D else
56 A However
B While
C Then
D Therefore
57 A glad
B pleasant
C surprising
D polite
58 A off
B away
C up
D on
59 A by
B with
C through
D of
60 A more
B enough
C many
D little
61 A weather
B climate
C circumstance
D environment
62 A desirable
B like
C wanting
D hate
63 A yet
B still
C already
D too
64 A wear
B feel
C dress
D sweat
65 A lively
B lovely
C anxious
D depressed
2012年职称英语考试理工类考前冲刺试题(四)参考答案
1 A 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 C 6 A 7 B 8 D 9 B 10 C 11 A 12 D 13 B 14 D 15 C 16 A 17 A 18 B 19 A 20 C 21 B 22 C 23 E 24 F 25 B 26 D 27 C 28 D 29 F30 B 31 B 32 C 33 C 34 C 35 D 36 A 37 C 38 D 39 C 40 D 41 B 42 D 43 D 44 C 45 A 46 C 47 E 48 F 49 A 50 B 51 D 52 A 53 A 54 D 55 D 56 C 57 B 58 D 59 B 60 A 61 A 62 B 63 C 64 B 65 A
