写TOEFL/IELTS：开头三句话结尾三句话
Writing An Essay: Introduction and Conclusion
海外大学教师谢振礼谈论说文中冲突的抽象化
英文作文=英文+作文
雅思或托福IELTS/TOEFL的独立写作Independent Writing Tasks是测验【英文+作文=英文作文】。候选人培训写作单项，又学作文【舞其圆】又学英文【练其道】。学作文与英文的知识而又能灵活使用便是【悟其禅】--作文无中生有，英文去杂存清。作文的亮点为圆形逻辑，包挂主题结构内容--主题有焦点，结构有组织，内容有支持。英文的亮点是文法规矩，包含修辞句法词汇--用语求效率，用句求变化，用字求恰当。英文作文的静虑运用--利用抽象的语言处理议论文的唯一题型：冲突。禅的顿悟也许只可意会而难以言传。
从议论文的开头说起。作文中常用的【起承转合】中起段引言最难写。如果开头写三句话，又是开头第一句话最难写，也是最重要。成功的第一句导致成功的第一段。成功的起段可以保证成功的合段，因为合段结尾三句话只是后应起段的前呼三句话，所以只要照抄，注意句子次序颠倒就行了，了不起换一些不同的字汇与句型。旧八股说【起中有合】，【合中有起】也就是如此。中体的承段与转段来龙自起段，去脉则到合段。全文从哪里开始也就在哪里结尾，刚好绕360度一圈。
开头三句话，结尾三句话
举例雅思与托福类似真题：男女合校对分校的立场冲突。
雅思IELTS Topic>What are the pros and cons of co-educational schooling? Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Provide reasons and examples from your knowledge and experience.
托福TOEFL Topic>Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Boys and girls should attend separate schools. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer
>起段开头三句话--Introduction: from general to specific
I. 申论主题--中学男女合校制度利少弊多
--Stating your thesis
The effort to introduce female students into male secondary schools, or vice versa, must be regarded as undesirable because the
practice has not been working well.
II. 集中焦点--立场的冲突
--Narrowing your thesis into your focus
Beyond the religious and cultural grounds, there are other issues about co-education that need to be analyzed.
III. 一分为二 --道德败坏，学业退步
--Organizing your focus into points of conflict
Of all the obvious drawbacks about mixed-sex educational system, the decline of moral principles and the fall of academic performance have raised particular concern.
>合段结尾三句话--Conclusion: from specific to general
I. 二合为一 --道德败坏，学业退步
--Summarizing points of view into your focus
Not surprisingly, from the moral or academic point of view, voices are increasingly being heard to escalate support for single-sex schooling.
II. 还原焦点--立场的冲突
--Widening your focus to the scope of your thesis
It has been more evident that to sacrifice physical and mental differences for artificial gender equality is probably not the right policy to run teenage education in general.
III. 重申主题--男女合校坏处多
--Restating your thesis
As can be imagined, sending immature boys and girls to attend the co-ed schools is likely to cause hidden costs to society
雅思真题举例：开头与结尾
IELTS--5 Writing Topics
》雅思：经济利益与环境保护的冲突
Example A>Today food travels thousands of miles from farms to consumers. Why is this? Is it a positive or negative trend?
开头三句话 Introduction: from general to specific
申论主题=真题加立场
集中焦点=立场的冲突
一分为二=分别的议论
The food travel debate is inevitably intertwined between economic interests and environmental concerns. While food is traveling because transport has become so cheap in a world of globalization, the manner by which food is being carried is not doing the natural environment any favors. The question is whether to meet human food demand or to reduce pollution?
结尾三句话 Conclusion: from specific to general
二合为一=论点的归纳
还原焦点=立场的冲突
重申主题=立场加真题
In view of both the positive side and negative side about long-distance food transportation, there seems no easy answer to the question. Nevertheless, it is up to consumers to make choices, knowing where food comes from. Buying local produce not only supports local farmers but also provides dinner tables with the freshest and most nutrient-packed options.
》雅思：工作满意与工作保障的冲突
Example B>Some people argue that job satisfaction is more important than job security. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your knowledge and experience.
开头三句话 Introduction: from general to specific
No employee could possibly feel happy about a small chance of losing the current job anytime soon. Next only to pay, job security is certainly the No. 1 factor leading to job satisfaction in the modern workplace. In view of increasing unemployment rates these days, not being able to keep a job may mean the absence of he monthly income on which much of job satisfaction depends.
结尾三句话 Conclusion: from specific to general
For workers in general to feel happy and secure, it is important to maintain a sense of job security and job satisfaction. Since money is by far the most important factor that people work, job security is what matters to most workers. Nevertheless, those who can take job security for granted may begin planning how to pass their happy years after retirement.
》雅思：收入与支出的冲突
Example C>People in developing countries are happier than before while people in developed countries are no happier than they used to be. Why? What lesson can you learn from it?
--Introduction: from general to specific
Financially speaking, people are supposed to be happier when their incomes exceed expenses, but the reverse is happening to many people in some developed countries. In comparison, people in some developing countries with a much lower measure of per capita income appear to be happier in what they actually are able to buy within their earnings. The lesson seems clear enough: higher living standards do not necessarily add to happiness but excessive spending can certainly undermine it.
--Conclusion: from specific to general
To sum up, the only way to avoid being unhappy in life, whether referring to a developed country or a developing country, is to have happy thoughts about living within their means and having something to hope for. Per capita income can no longer be the only measure for economic happiness, judging from the fact that people in developed countries are not as happy as they used to be. Without any doubt, the lesson about being happy is for an individual as well as for a country to perform a balancing act between incomes and expenses.
》雅思：男人与女人工作机会的冲突
Example D>Some people think that men and women have different qualities. Therefore, some certain jobs are suitable for men and some jobs are suitable for women. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
开头三句话--Introduction: from general to specific
It is generally agreed that men and women are created equal but they have different missions in life due mainly to different biological inclinations. This leads one to believe that some specific jobs better fit either males or females only, with people of both sexes doing what they do best. Although the gender issue in terms of work opportunities and income disparities still exists today, no one should ever imagine changing the charm that belongs to women and the strength to men.
结尾三句话--Conclusion: from specific to general
Other things being equal, the paradox seems to be that just as charm can be women's strength, men's charm can be strength. Besides, one should accept the fact that the quality of employment depends as much on biological differences as on qualification similarities. In real life, neither gender is the weak sex.
》雅思：禁止与不禁止的冲突
Example E>Films and computer games with violence are very popular in the world. Some people believe that these have negative effects on society. Other people say these are just harmless relaxations. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
开头三句--Introduction: from general to specific
Violent films and computer games should be put out of business, if possible at all, because they can emotionally affect viewers, particularly children. It can be seen that violence remains one of the most problematic areas for censorship in many countries, especially when it is in conjunction with sex and drugs. So, the question is not why but how?
结尾三句--Conclusion: from specific to general
In conclusion, given that violent films and computer games can have adverse influence on society, it is probably not the right thing to outlaw such products completely. It is appropriate that public censorship should be effectively applied, where necessary, so as to prevent young criminal minds. Consequently, the only solution left for now seems to be a rating system that draws a line for R18: restricted for age 18 and over.
托福真题举例：开头与结尾
TOEFL--5 Writing Topics
》托福：个人与团队的冲突
Example 1>Is it important to be able to work with a group of people on a team or to work independently? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
开头三句--Introduction: from general to specific
A job worth doing is usually worth doing together. Although some people do succeed in life, working independently, more indications tend to show that teamwork makes people achieve more. In modern time, working is more similar to playing games like football in that wearing the same shirts does not make players a team but the ability to work together toward a common goal can make a difference.
结尾三句--Conclusion: from specific to general
Again, the meaning of teamwork is like a football club because it is one thing getting good players, but it is quite another getting them together with a common vision. The logic is that none of them is better than all of them, as if everyone is needed but no one is indispensable. Doing a job together may as well be like an orchestra since no one can whistle a symphony and it takes a whole team to play it.
》托福：人心满足与不满足的冲突
Example 2>Do you agree or disagree with he following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have. They always want something more or something different. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
开头三句--Introduction: from general to specific
If you think that people can be satisfied with what they have, think again. It is universally acknowledged that what mainly moves human activities are need and pride. However, in the pursuit of something more or something different there are dangers of such need becoming greed and pride becoming vanity.
结尾三句--Conclusion: from specific to general
In many cases, the words pride or vanity, and need or greed, are used synonymously to an extent that there are risks about defining the word satisfaction. Although it is good to believe that pride and need are behind human motivations to make success happen, there are chances that vanity and greed under disguise can backfire at he end of the day. Therefore, no one has to doubt that people always want something more or something different because they are never satisfied with what they have.
》托福：工作与不工作的冲突
Example 3>People work because they need money to live. In your opinion, what are other reasons that people work?
开头三句--Introduction: from general to specific
Working people are supposed to be largely happy because having a job means more than being able to just make ends meet. Money is by far the most important motivational factor that people work, but being engaged in a career clearly has two other advantages. Apart from the fear of poverty, people work in order to get rid of boredom and vice at the same time.
结尾三句--Conclusion: from specific to general
Boredom and vice along with poverty are the three evils that may be spared by having a job worth doing in life. For that matter, the benefits of being busy with a job should not be limited to only economic gains. After all, what a better reason for people to work than simply the pursuit of happiness?
》托福：好邻居与坏邻居的冲突
Example 4>Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are he qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.
开头三句--Introduction: from general to specific
It is lucky to have a good neighbor as much as unfortunate to have a bad one. We are blessed by having righteous neighbors who do not act like strangers or become enemies. It may be said that a righteous neighbor is usually associated with such virtues as tolerance and respect, and help and love.
结尾三句--Conclusion: from specific to general
Righteousness is the sum of what a good neighbor is made of. The mutual feeling toward tolerance and respect, and help and love may contribute to a more enjoyable life in the neighborhood without running the risk of inevitably facing strangers or enemies. Righteously, people should be concerned about their next-door neighbors, but the irony is: do they know their next-door neighbors?
》托福：成年与未成年的冲突
Example 5>People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events--experiences and ceremonies--make a child an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.
开头三句--Introduction: from general to specific
It is more than meets the eye to immediately tell a mature mind from a relatively immature mind because age is a period of time as well as a state of mind. While there are events and ceremonies that mark ages from stage to stage such as birthdays and baptism, it takes only experience in experiments characterized by confusion in no-longer childhood and not-yet adulthood. This puzzling period of prolonged adolescence often witness a child becoming a man or a woman.
结尾三句--Conclusion: from specific to general
Regardless of becoming a man or a woman, part of childhood never really dies in adulthood as years go by. Also, there is a period of time of the transitional age of adolescence, now crying like kids, now dreaming to conquer the complexity of life like grown-ups. When a child is becoming an adult, it is that kind of maturity which reveals the difference during the dramatic stage of adolescence.
中体两段的来龙去脉
>Even though people read the news using the Internet nowadays, newspapers still are an important source of information for the general public. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Example essay
谢振礼范文原创
by Jeenn Lee Hsieh
报纸业与英特网的冲突
--造18句起3承6转6合3。多写几句怕是时间不足，少写几句怕是字数不够。
--开头三句排列1-2-3前呼结尾三句18-17-16的后应，句子次序颠倒。
--承段的中心招牌句与转段的中心招牌句来龙自起段第3句，又去脉到合段第16句。
--第5-6-7-8-9句支持第4句：承段的招牌句。
--第11-12-13-14-15句支持第10句：转段的招牌句。
--第3句把冲突的焦点分成两个招牌句，承段第4句与转段第10句。
--两个招牌句重合在合段第16句。
起段三句话
1.申论主题 This age is one in which the popularity of the Internet is ruining everything in the information industries, particularly newspapers.
2. 集中焦点 It is likely that before very long newspapers will never again be considered seriously as an important source of stories for the general public.
3. 一分为二 What do you say about a modern invention that is providing you with more information more quickly and for free?
承段六句话
4. 招牌句 Because the current generations choose their news online at no cost, newspaper readership is getting smaller and smaller.
5. This is an indicator that print circulations are in for further decline, probably to an eventual fall world-wide.
6. It used to be that the newspaper industry was one of the most profitable businesses, selling a great number of copies and charging handsome fees for any sort of advertising, big or smaewll.
7. Once upon a time, news consumers were eagerly expecting newspapers to arrive at the door-step first thing in the morning.
8. That was then and this is now when news is available 24/7 at a click.
9. With the possible exception of free television broadcasts rivaling on the screen, webpages have far and widely outdone printed pages in global and local news supply.
转段六句话
10. 招牌句 What is more, readers are abandoning newspapers for Internet media outlets since webpages have a great deal more up-to-second information to deliver to the public.
11. Thus, if you still think that newspapers will continue to be an important source of information, think again.
12. It cannot fail to be noticed that the rise of the Internet is an unmistakable sign of the beginning of the end of all newspaper kingdoms across the world.
13. In this information age, young non-newspaper readers are heavy online news consumers while printed papers are too slow in coming to satisfy their news curiosities.
14. Predicting the destiny of newspapers is not unlike watching the sun setting on the horizon, never to rise again.
15. In short, newspapers are going out of business.
合段三句话
16. 二合为一 To be sure, the Internet is also destroying other information industries ranging from magazines to books to movies to music, but none has suffered as much as newspapers.
17. 还原焦点 Now that people can benefit so much from getting information via the Internet, the future of newspapers is shrouded in shadows.
18. 重申主题 Of course, that the Internet is for the better or for the worse in changing the way people read news may depend on who you ask.
