（三）文章开头与结尾的写作方法
1.文章开头的写法
（1）引言法
在文章开头引用具有代表性的名人名言，既可吸引读者，又可以点题。如：
“Be the first to be concerned with the world’s troubles and the last to enjoy worldly happiness.”Fan Zhongyan，a scholar of the Song Dynasty，expresses eloquently the lofty spirit of Chinese intellectuals in his maxim. On realizing that the cause of China’s lack of development was its backwardness in science and technology，many modern scholars accordingly went to Western countries to study.
本段以“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”引出主旨，给人以深刻的印象。
（2）提问法
如： Why are foreigners so glad that barriers have been dismantled? China has a population of 1.2 billion，and US $1 000 billion of GDP. It is a country with one of the fastest economic growth rates in the world. China’s entry into the WTO will therefore enable all economic entities in the world to expand trade and investment，bringing benefits to enterprises，consumers and workers in these countries.
（3）数据引用
引用恰当的数据，使文章开头简洁、有力。对于表格式作文，常从描述、分析表格入手。如：
It is reported that from 1995 to 1998，the number of cars in Shanghai rose at the rate of 20%，but the average speed of cars dropped at the rate of 30%. It should be noticed that 43% of added cars during the period of 1995～1998 is private cars. Therefore some people point out that the most effective way to solve the traffic problem is to ban private cars. But I think they have gone extremely far away.
本段通过引用数据对私车增多及车速下降这一现象进行了详细的描述。通过分析，作者自然地引出观点：完全禁止私车是偏激的做法。
（4）概要法
开门见山，首先提出文章的主要观点，然后通过举例或逻辑推理等方法加以详述。如：
This report is divided into three main sections： what equipment you need，how to use equipment，and how to maintain equipment.
2.文章结尾的写法
（1）总结法
总结式结尾的作用在于回顾全文、突出中心，使读者对文章形成一个整体的把握。要想写好总结式结尾，就要求文章内容本身重点突出、中心明确，这样回顾起来才有点可抓。在写总结式结尾时，对于论证中提到的要点应该点到为止，而重在重申论点。如：
On the whole，life in China has become better after 30 years，Ordinary people now enjoy a more colorful life than before. Though some problems have arisen in the progress，we still can’t deny this positive trend.
（2）建议法
针对文章前面的分析，提出相对应的号召或解决方案，表示对将来的期待或鼓动大家采取相应的行动。如：
It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.
It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon.
（3）反问法
在末尾加上反问，可使文章引人思考。如：
Psychological health of the youth should be concerned by our society. On being advised by his school that he should leave after failing several exams，a Beijing university student decided to commit suicide，but first killed his father and grandmother so as to spare their grief at his own death. A 13-year-old Sichuan Province girl ran away from home recently in pursuit of her favorite movie star，and has not been seen since. Isn’t there anything wrong with psychological health of the youth?
用反问句加深主题：年轻人的心理健康有些问题，应该得到更多关注。
（4）引语法
用引语归结全文，有画龙点睛的作用，使文章既生动，又有说服力。如：
All of us wish for a bright future and hope to master a useful career. Those who persist in remaining idle will never fulfill their ambitions， “No pains，no gains” is a motto with much meaning. Meditate and live by it.
以“不劳不得”做总结，很好地归纳了上文，给人以警示。
（5）首尾呼应法
在首尾两处点题，可以使段落的中心突出。如：
China’s reforms have brought China a lot of benefits and have changed Chinese people’s life a great deal. A lively atmosphere has prevailed in all walks of fields throughout the country. The national economy has been thriving and national defense has ever been consolidated. In science and technology，quite a lot of achievements have been made. Certainly，the progress made in all fields has led to the raise of living standard for Chinese people.
首尾均强调了一系列有利于社会进步的改革给中国人的生活带来的改变，重点突出。
(四)短文写作中常用的关联词
1.表示列举和举例
first of all，for one thing，for another，to begin with，first，second，next，in the first (second) place，furthermore，moreover，beyond that，also，besides，in addition，what is more，such as，finally; for example，for instance等。
2.表示原因
since，because (of)，as，for，owing to，result from，due to，on account of，on the ground of，as a result of等。
3.表示时间顺序
at the same time，as soon as，so far，since，then，until，when，meanwhile，shortly，later，lately，after a while，at that time，before，earlier，presently，in the meantime，formerly等。
4.表示空间顺序
close to，close at hand（近在身旁），next to，down，far，beyond，against（对着），on the opposite side（相对的），opposite to，above，across，across from，around，at the bottom，before，behind，below，beneath，between，in the middle of，in the distance，in the center of，farther，on the left/right等。
5.表示重复
in other words，again，as has been pointed out，to repeat，as I have said above，once again，after all，indeed，in fact，truly，of course，chiefly，especially，certainly，actually，particularly，to be sure，above all，surely，most important of all，even worse，no doubt，needless to say等。
6.表示结果
so，then，therefore，thus，hence，consequently，as a result，accordingly，for this reason，as a consequence，on that account，it follows that等。
7.表示总结
to sum up，in summary，to summarize，in short，in brief，to be brief，in other words，on the whole，in conclusion，to conclude等。
8.表示对比和对照
（1）对照：but，however，yet，or，nevertheless，still，nonetheless，conversely，nor，rather，whereas，thought，on the one hand，on the other hand，on the contrary，by contrast with/to，in contrast (with/to)，even though，instead，unlike，different from，instead (of)，the opposite (of)，unlike，although，while，but等。
（2）对比：similarly，likewise，like，as，at the same time，in fact，too，in the same way，in a like manner，both，each，also，compared with等。
（五）短文写作中的经典语义过渡的模式以及必备句型
考研英语写作的题材多数同我们日常生活相关，通常涉及事物间的比较，要求说明其相似性、相异性和事物之间的因果关系；有时要求考生分析事实，找出原因或解决问题的方法，或对一个问题提出个人看法等。所以考生在复习写作时，要尽可能熟悉和掌握表达这些关系的常用句型，这将对提高写作能力有较大帮助。
1.表示相似性的句型
①Moral corruption（A）is to the State（B）as physical disease（C）is to an individual body（D）.（A之于B犹如C之于D）
②Just as woods are indispensable to birds，so is the earth to human beings.（正如…，…也如此）
③As far as personality is concerned，Tom (A) and Peter (B) have almost everything in common.（A和B有共同之处）
④My hobby (A) is similar to his (B) in that we both like collecting records，foreign and domestic. (A与B相似)
⑤As the economies of all countries are closely interrelated no country can develop in self-seclusion. The same is true of China. (The same is true of. The same can be said of... 也是如此)
2.表示相异性的句型
①Beijing (A) is populous and crowded，while Canberra (B) is just the opposite.（A与B正相反）
②China’s condition (A) differs from ours (B) in that China has the largest population in the world. (A不同于B在于)
③While it may be true that basketball and volleyball share certain features，the excitement each arouses in the spectators is not the same.（…是不相同的）
3.表示权衡性的句型
①It seems safe to say that the advantages of marriage outweigh the disadvantages of divorce.（利大于弊）
②Perhaps nothing can rival the pleasure from reading. (…是无与伦比的)
③There could be no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.（既有优点也有缺点）
④Men (A)may be superior to women(B) in physical affairs. Yet，there is no difference in intelligence.（A优于B）
⑤People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person.(…是因人而异的)
4.表示过渡性的句型（承上启下，使新观点不至于显得突兀、武断）
①Some people argue as if it is a general truth that . But to be frank，I cannot agree with them for the following reasons.
②According to/As can be seen in figures/statistics /the findings/data released/provided by the government/an institute， .
③There are several/many causes/reasons for this dramatic/significant growth/change/decline/increase in .
④There are no less than three advantages in as rendered below.
⑤The reasons are chiefly as follows .
⑥Another reason why I advocate the attitude of is that.
⑦Last but not least， .
⑧What is more， .
5.表示倍数与比例关系的句型
近年来图表作文经常出现，考生需要熟悉和掌握一些常用的句型来解释图表、分析和表达数据间的倍数和比例关系：
①Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven Continents.Europe is second to Asia in population，but in area it is the last but one.
②We all hope that a country’s population should be in proportion to its area, unfortunately the reality often goes against our will.
③A is a far larger university，being over three times as big as B.
6.引用图表内容时的过渡句型
图表式作文经常使用as从句做解释性描述的过渡，它的运用，可以使短文由图画的说明解释，陡然一转，由客观说到主观，由一般说到个体，过渡自然。
①This picture shows . At the beginning， ，as we can see in the upper half of the picture. However，the lower half of the picture shows that .
②As is revealed in the graph .
③As the survey results show .
④As we could find out later in this unit，his plan was not quite as he had expected.
⑤This table provides several important points of comparison between the two universities.As can be indicated in the table，the housing space for the staff of A in 1995 was 34 500 square meters，which nearly doubled the B’s corresponding figure.
7.描述图表常用的概括性句型
这种句子通常用于开篇和结尾。
①This table provides，several important points of comparison between the two key universities.
②The two graphs depict the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply records . The second graph throws a new light on .
③The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows： .
④If drivers continue to drive more carefully and further strengthen their sense of safety，the rate of accidents can be expected to decline even more dramatically in the year 1998.
8.引论或得出结论的句型
①As the proverb goes，“ ”. It is quite understandable that .
②Along with the development of society more and more problems are brought to our attention，one of which is that .
③Admittedly，there are merits to both sides of the argument.
④Contrary to widely held belief，I believe that .
⑤Now，it is commonly believed /some people think that ，but I wonder whether .
9.表示转折的句型
①On the surface of it，this may seem to be a good solution，but if thinking again，we would point out some drawbacks.
②At first thought，it may seem to be an attractive idea，but it does not bear closer analysis when we find .
③Superficially，it seems to be a sound solution，but when carefully weighing in the mind，we find that .
④A close inspection of these arguments would reveal how flimsy they are.
⑤The undeniable deficiency in this remark is that it is negligent of the bare fact that .
⑥However，we also cannot deny that .
10.表示解释、分析、引申的句型
①One very strong argument for is that .
②It is an obvious fact that .
③One of the most important things about is that .
④A particularly notable case of this matter is .
⑤We may look into every possible reason，however，foremost reason for is .
⑥is mainly/ partly/ also responsible for the rise/increase/ decrease in .
⑦We may cite/quote/mention a single/common example of .
⑧A recent/nationwide study/survey/poll conducted/ taken at a university/ by scientists indicates/reveals/ suggests that .
⑨Of course，this will have some negative effects on .
⑩ is a case in point.
11.表示得出结论的句型
①From what has been discussed above，we may safely draw the conclusion that .
②Taking into account all these factors，we may safely reach the conclusion that .
③Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that .
④All the evidence/analysis supports a (an) sound/ unshakable/just conclusion/ view that .
12.表示建议、采取行动的句型
①It is necessary/ essential that effective actions/ quick steps/ proper measures should be taken to prevent the situation/ correct tendency / end phenomenon.
②There is little doubt that serious/ considerable/ special attention must be called /paid /devoted to the problem /shortage of .
③It is high time that we placed/put great/special/considerable emphasis on theimprovement/ development /increase of .
