I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。
I have been in this club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。
My father died five years ago. 我父亲是5年前去世的。
My father has been dead for five years. 我父亲已去世5年了。
[误] Have you understood the lessons?
[正] Do you understand the lessons?
[析] 有些动词不易用完成时态,它们是understand, think, believe, know (知道)
[误] It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939.
[误] It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939.
[析] 在讲述过去的历史事件时,总要用过去时而不要用完成时,而且happen, break out, take place作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。
[误] When I walked along the street. I happened to meet an old friend.
[正] When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend.
[析] 在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中,某一突然事件发生,这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时),而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时),如:When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings.
[误] Please buy a book for me.
[正] Please buy me a book.
[正] Please buy a book to me.
[析] 在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语,如:Buy me a book中me是间接宾语,而a book是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置,其后应加to,如: Tell me a story. Tell a story to me. Give me a book. Give a book to me.
[误] He was seen come into the book store.
[正] He was seen to come into the book store.
[析] 在主动语态中,有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语,如:I saw him come into the book store.但如果变为被动语态时,则要将省略的to还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语,如: I saw him coming into the book store, 如变为被动语态时,则没有变化。如:He was seen coming into the book store.
[误] How nice the book is! Is it sold well?
[正] How nice the book is! Does it sell well?
[析] 有些动词可以表示一种动作,但也可以用来表示某种性质,表示动作时可用被动语态,在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如:
This book sells well. 这本书畅销。
This car drives easily. 这车容易驾驶。
These clothes wash easily. 这些衣服好洗。
在作上述表达时,不要用被动语态。而要讲:
This kind of book was sold out. (这种书卖完了)
These clothes were washed by the washing machine. 这时要用被动语态,因为它描述的是具体动作。
[误] Must I do it now?
No. you mustn't.
[正] Must I do it now? No, you needn't.
[析] need用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词,其后接不带to的不定式。由must提问的问句作答语时,如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用needn't,即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词,如:I need to wait for my boy.
[误] Is this book yours?
Yes, It's.
[正] Is this book yours?
Yes, It is.
[析] 在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式,而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式,如:No. It isn't.
[误] I'll have my bike repair tomorrow.
[正] I'll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
[析] have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为:让某人作某事,如:My father had me to learn how to drive, 或My father had me doing my homework from morning till might have+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如:I have my hair cut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事,则用I want to repair my bike myself.
[误] I'll get my brother repair the bike for you.
[正] I'll get my brother to repair the bike for you.
[析] have与get的用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。相同之处,如:have something done, 也可用get something done, 或have (get) somebody doing something但不同之处在于have somebody do something 在用get时则要用get somebody to do something。
[误] I have to study on Saturday but I haven't to study a full day
[正] I have to study on Saturday, but I don't have to study a full day.
[析] have to 不得不,而don't have to 为其否定式。
[误] Is Tom in the classroom? No. He mustn't be in the classroom, because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now.
[正] Is Tom in the classroom? No. He can't be in the classroom because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now.
[析] must 加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测,而表示否定的推测则要用can't。
[误] My grandpa is over eighty but he is able to read without glasses.
[正] My grandpa is over eighty, but he can read without glasses.
[析] can (could) 多用于表达客观的事实,主观能力,而be able to 则多用于表达主观的意愿。
[误] She doesn't answer the doorbell. She should be asleep.
[正] She doesn't answer the doorbell. She must be asleep
[析] should 用于现在时态的句子中应译为"应该",如:You should do your homework right away. 而 must加动词原形表示一种推测。
[误] Do you like to go with us?
[正] Would you like to go with us?
[析] Do you like…问的是习惯,如:Do you like swimming? 而would you like是一次性的邀请。
[误] I am used to get up early in the morning.
[正] I am used to getting up early in the morning.
[析] used to 共有三种用法,① 表示过去的习惯,如:I used to live with my parents. ② 表示过去的习惯延续到现在,如:I am used to swimming in the river. ③ 用于被动语态,如: Oil is used to cook
[误] To play with the children are very interesting.
[正] To play with the children is very interesting.
[析] 不定式作主语时,应视为单数主语,特别是两个不定式用and作连词作主语时,如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如:To get up early and to go to sleep early is good for your health.
[误] He asked me do my homework alone.
[正] He asked me to do my homework alone.
[析] 某些动词要求不定式作其宾语或宾语补足语,它们是:ask somebody to do something 要求某人做某事。 tell somebody to do something 告诉某人做某事 还有prepare 准备, decide 决定, happen to 碰巧, seem 似乎。
[误] he told me to drive a car.
[正] He told me how to drive a car.
[析] 要学会疑问词加不定式的用法,特别要注意的是what是疑问代词,而how是疑问副词。如:I want to know what to do. (我想知道干什么)。 I want to know how to do it. (我想知道如何去作)。 要注意的是how to do it 中的it是不可少的,因how是疑问副词,不能作及物动词的宾语,而what是疑问代词,可做do的宾语,所以what to do 后不要加it。
[误] I am very glad meeting you.
[正] I am very glad to meet you.
[析] 许多形容词后加不定式,这样用时形容词多是用来描述人物的感情、态度,如:glad, happy, pleased, lucky, sorry, sad, upset, ready, careful, surprised。
[误] I'm too glad for seeing you.
[正] I'm too glad to see you.
[析] 这句话不能按照too…to的句型翻译为:我太高兴了以至于不想见你。而应译为:见到你太高兴了。又如:She is too honest to tell the truth 应译为:她很诚实,不会不讲实话。
[误] Tom is too young not to join the army.
[正] Tom is too young to join the army.
[析] 这是too…to的正常用法,太如何如何以至于不能如何。
[误] I went to the hospital for seeing my old friend. He was ill in hospital.
[正] I went to the hospital to see my old friend. He was ill in hospital.
[析] 在句中表示某动作的目的时,要用不定式而不能用for加动名词。
[误] Could you help me to find a chair to sit.
[正] Could you help me to find a chair to sit on.
[析] 当不定式作后置定语时,将不定式放于名词之后。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则其后面的介词不要省略。如:I sat on the chair. 这样的用法还有:I want to find a room to live in. I want to find a pen to write with.
[误] When mother was about leaving the baby cried suddenly.
[正] When mother was about to leave the baby cried suddenly.
[析] be about to 是表达较近的即将发生的动作,可用来表示将来时,或按计划、安排的事。
[误] This work is difficult to be done.
[正] This work is difficult to do.
[析] 在不定式作宾语时,下列情况常用主动语态表示被动。① 句子的主语即是不定式动作的执行者,如:I have a lot of letters to write. ② 句中的宾语是不定式中动作的执行者,如:Could you find me a job to do? ③ 在形容词之后的不定式,如:English is difficult to learn.
[误] Would you like to see a film with us? Yes, I'd love.
[正] Would you like to see a film with us? Yes, I'd love to.
[析] 在口语简答语中要将不定式符号保留,如: I had to (不得不作) I'm going to (打算作) I used to (过去习惯作) I'd love to (喜欢作) I hope to (希望作某事) I'll be glad to (高兴作)
[误] Did you see someone to do this work for me?
[正] Did you see someone do this work for me?
[析] 在感观动词之后常接不带to的不定式。这些词是see, look at, watch, hear, listen to, feel, notice。
[误] He was seen prepare this car.
[正] He was seen to prepare this car.
[析] 在被动语态中要将主动语态句中省去的不定式还原回来。
[误] Please Let my child to try it again.
[正] Please Let my child try it again.
[析] 在make, have, let后加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
[误] Why not to do it again?
[正] Why not do it again?
[析] Why not, you'd better 后接不带to的不定式,如:You'd better go.但要注意的是它的否定式是You'd better not go.
[误] When he heard the news he couldn't help to cry.
[正] When he heard the news he couldn't help crying.
[析] can't help+现在分词表示情不自禁作某事。
[误] In autumn, the street is always covered with falling leaves.
[正] In autumn, the street is always covered with fallen leaves.
[析] 现在分词作定语有正在的含义,如:falling leave 正下落的叶子。而过去分词作定语fallen leaves是落地的叶子。过去分词含有已经完成的意思。
[误] Do you hear someone sing in the office?
[正] Do you hear someone singing in the office?
[析] 感观动词可用不带to的不定式来作宾语补足语,表达一个动作的全过程或已结束的动作,而用现在分词表示一个正在进行中的动作。
[误] I want to shop some food for supper.
[正] I want to buy some food for supper.
[正] I want to go shopping.
[析] shop作买东西讲时,要用go shopping,其后不要加所购买的东西。这样的用法还有: go boating 划船 go sailing 航海 go skating 滑冰go shooting 射击 go dancing 去跳舞 go fishing 钓鱼go swimming 去游泳…… 不要用错,也不要改为其他式,因为这是习惯用法。
[误] When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped to talk.
[正] When the teacher came into the classroom. the students stopped talking.
[析] stop to do something 是停下来去做某事,而stop doing something 则是停止做某事。
[误] I didn't remember closing the door, so the thief came into the room directly.
[正] I didn't remember to close the door, so the thief came into the room directly.
[析] remember后接不定式是记着去做某事,即该动作并没有完成。而remember 后接动名词则表明该动作已经作完了。如: Do remember to turn off the light, before you leave. 即在你离开前记着去关灯。而关灯的动作并没有做。I remember meeting you somewhere. 我记得在某处见过你。而相见一事已经作完了。相同用法还有forget。
[误] When I finished to do this work I would go to play football.
[正] When I finished doing this work I would go to play football.
[析] 在英语中有些动词后要接动名词作宾语。在初中范围主要有两个动词finish和enjoy, 千万不要与like相比。因为like作动词"喜欢"用时,其后接动名词表示习惯性动作,接不定式表示一次性特殊的动作,而would you like后面则一定要用不定式。
[误] When he finished his homework, he went on playing the football.
[正] When he finished his homework, he went on to play football.
[析] go on to do something 是做完一件事紧跟着做另一件事。而go on doing something 是在做一件事的过程中被打断后接着再继续做这件事。
[误] He's busy to prepare his lessons.
[正] He's busy preparing his lessons.
[析] be busy 后加doing 而不能接不定式。
(三) 例题解析
1 Mr Zhang asked me ___ the words again.
A. readB. readsC. to readD. reading
[答案] C.[析] ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。
2 You ___ play on the road. It's dangerous.
A. mustn'tB. mayC. canD. must
[答案] A. [析] must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。
3 Mr Brown ___ in Beijing since 1993.
A. workB. worksC. workedD. has worked
[答案] D.
[析] 句中有since引导的时间状语,因此句中要用完成时态。
4 I ___ a letter when my mother came in.
A. writeB. am writingC. was writingD. will write
[答案] C.
[析] 当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作,而写信是一个长动作,所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态,表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。
5 It's not an important party, you needn't ___ .
A. pay for itB. wear it outC. try it outD. dress up for it
[答案] D. [析] pay for-为某物,某人付款,wear out-穿坏,磨破,tryout-选拔,挑选,而dress up-梳妆打扮。
6 Can I ___ a bike from him?
A. lendB. returnC. giveD. borrow
[答案] D.
[析] borrow something from…为向某人某处借某物。而lend, return, give后面的介词应用to。
7 - Must I stay at home?
- No, you ___ .
A. mustn'tB. needn'tC. may notD. can not [答案] B.
[析] needn't 为"没有必要必须做某事",而mustn't为"禁止做",can not为"不能做"。根据题意是:你不一定待在家里。
8 - How long have you ___ here?
- About two months.
A. beenB. goneC. comeD. arrived [答案] A.
[析] have been here是个状态,可以与后面的长时间状语连接,而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。
9 Stamps ___ by people for sending letters.
A. useB. usingC. usedD. are used [答案] D.
[析] 这里是被动语态,意为邮票被人们用来发信。