本文将详细介绍全国英语等级考试中完形填空部分的解题技巧。
一、大纲要求
完形填空题是全面考查学生的语言知识和综合运用语言的能力,难度很大,学生的能力层次在本题中能得到充分体现。为帮助学生全面了解完形填空题,从而总结规律,明确要求,掌握基本的解题技巧,下面我们将举实例考题,对其命题特点、能力要求等方面进行分析,并进行解题指导。
二、命题特点
1、备选答案以实词为主,虚词为辅
完形填空题主要考查学生对实词的掌握理解。加强实词的考查,实际上是提高了试题难度,它要求学生必须从整体上理解文章的内容,注意上下文的关联,而不要把注意力集中在具体的语言结构上,进行语法选择,因为虚词更多地反映语言问题,往往影响语言结构。
2、备选答案以情景意义和逻辑选择为主,语法填空为辅
认真分析完形填空试题,不难发现,每一小题的备选答案往往是相同的词类或词形,即:如果是副词,则都是副词;如果是动名词,则都是动名词,即使个别小题词形或词类不一样,其语法功能往往也是一样的。这就要求学生在解题时,不能单纯地从语法的角度进行判断,而要根据全文的内容和情况的发展,选择符合文章整体意义的答案。这种试题的特点是:孤立地看对应挖空的句子,4个备选答案都能满足句子的要求,如:She 26 John very much.(A.depended on B.waited on C.trusted D .loved)显然,4个选项填进去,从语法上说都是正确的,但根据全文的内容,以及下文提到的“In her eyes, he could not do anything wrong.”只有D项符合文章的整体意义。
3、选材贴近学生生活和知识结构范围,符合考生的实际水平和能力要求。短文内容逻辑性强,文章结构严谨,层次分明。
4、选择最佳答案使试题干扰性增强、迷惑性更大,便于增设词语意义或用法细微辨析内容的考查。
5、单词填空为主,短语或词组的整体填空为辅(后者仅1—2个)。
6、备选答案的单词,多以实词为主,虚词为辅。
7、保留揭示句不设空,开宗明义,点明主题。空格密度在10词左右,文章较短,在200词内。
8、考查分析文章结构、逻辑关系的能力和概括、推断和分析归纳的逻辑思维能力。
9、体裁以故事性叙述文体为主,说明文为辅。
分析完形填空题,可以发现,记叙文这种文体结构严谨,层次分明,逻辑性较强,既能扩大知识运用的范围,又为灵活运用知识提供了条件。学生应在了解全文的前提下,根据事件发展的顺序、逻辑关系和语言特色对空格的缺词作出准确的判断。
三、解题技巧
1、从具体的语言情境考虑。
例1 Mrs O'Neill asked questions, and she didn't scold us either.
(A.no B. certain C. many D. more
(B.该题可通过下句中的“either”一词,可以推断出该句是一个否定句,故选A.
例2 First of all he was a windowcleaner and in his first week he managed to break at least six windows. Then he became a bus conductor and on his second day a passenger stole his bag with all the fares collected. He 1 lost his job as a postman 2 he sent off all the letters when he should have taken them to people's houses. It seemed that there was 3 suitable work for him.1. A. thus B. even C. once D. only2. A. even if B. so that C. because D. though3. A. some B. such C. less D. no以上几句叙述了John的不幸遭遇:做清洁工,打破玻璃,做售票员,钱又被偷;做邮递员,又把本该送到收件人家里的信件寄出。根据文章的这一情境,1空应选B,表递进;2空则说明lost his job的原因,故选C.由接连发生的不幸遭遇,从而得出结论:似乎无合适工作可干了。故3空选D.2.从上下文相关内容考虑。例1 One day Mrs Nanete O'Neill gave an arithmetic to our class. When the papers were marked she discovered that twelve boys had ma de exactly the same mistakes throuahout the test.(A. test B. problem C. paper D. lesson)该题撇开具体上下文,A、B、C、D四个选项都能成立,而在把握全文整体意思的情况下,很容易找到下文的重要信息词:the test.故选A.例2“In her eyes he couldn't do anything .”(A.wrong B.great C.good D.strange)在他母亲眼中,他不可能做出什么事呢?仅从这一单句考虑,四个备选答案都没错。但根据上文的She loved John very much以及下文提到的:当Jo hn与其他士兵一起接受检阅时,观众嘲笑John与其他士兵步调不一致,而他母亲却大叫:They are all out of step except my John!到此,我们才能选出A项为正确答案。例3……in fact he had tried a few . First of all he was a windowcleaner……Then he became a bus conductor……(A. ones B. years C. tasks D. jobs)以上四个选项都可以用a few修饰,但根据下文的 a windowcleaner和a busconductor可知,正确答案为D.3.从惯用法和固定搭配的角度考虑。例1……scientists are doing a research her,……(A.for B.by C.to D.on)本题考查固定搭配 do(make) a research on……因此,正确答案为D.例2 But all of us are called daily to make a great many personal decisions.(A.out B.for C.up D.upon)该题正确答案为D,考查固定搭配call upon sb. to do sth.(要求某人做某事)。而学生可能因只记住call upon为“访问”、“号召”之意而误眩例3 Here's a fellow who just walks into a bank and helps himself so much money.(A. for B. by C. to D. of)该题答案为C,固定搭配help oneself to,在文章中为:“未经许可擅自取用”。但学生可能会由于对这一固定搭配没有全面理解,仅记得help oneself to是“随便吃……”之意,看到后文的money,而误选for.4.从句子结构考虑。例1 1 of us are asked to make 2 decisions about nations going to war or armies going to battle. But all of us are called 3 daily to make a great many personal decisions. wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket turned over to the policeman?