Environmental Science(Milankovitch Hypothesis)
Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.
Professor
Ok, so we have been talking about theories that deal with the effects of human activity on the climate. But today I'd like to talk a little bit about other theories that can explain variations in climate. And one of the best-known is called the Milankovitch Hypothesis.
Now what the Milankovitch Hypothesis is about? It says that variations in earth's movements, specifically in its orbit around the sun, these variations lead to differences in the amount of solar energy that reaches the earth. And it is these differences in the amount of energy that's reaching earth from the sun, it is what causes variations in earth's climate.
Ok, a lot of people think of earth's orbit around the sun as being perfectly circular, as smooth and as regular as, say, the way that hands move on a well -made watch, but it just doesn't work that way. You are probably aware that the earth's orbit around the sun, it is not shaped like a perfect circle. It is more of an oval, it is elliptical. But the shape of this orbit isn't consistent, it varies over time, over a period of about a thousand years. Sometimes it is a little more circular, sometimes it is more elliptical. And when earth's orbit is more elliptical, earth is actually closer to the sun during part of the year. Which makes earth, and in particular, the northern hemisphere, warmer. And why is that important? well, because most of the planet's glaciers are in the northern hemisphere, and if it gets too warm, then glaciers will stop forming. And we've already talked about how that affects earth's overall temperature.
The second movement involved in the hypothesis has to do with axial tilt. The tilt of earth's axis, that imaginery pole that runs through the center of the earth. And depending on the angle it tilts at, the seasons can be more or less severe. It makes winters cooler and summers warmer, or what some might say it is doing now, it makes summers less hot, and more importantly, the winters less cold. Which just like what I mentioned before, can also stop, prevent glaciers from forming, or cause them to melt.
There is a third movement the hypothesis covers called precession. Precession, basically is the change in the direction of earth's axis of rotation. It will take me amillion years to explain even just the basics of this movement as precession is quite complex. And all these details are way beyond our scope. What's important for you to understand is that these three movements, well, they are cyclical, and they work together to form, to produce complex but regular variations in earth's climate, and lead to the growth or decline of glaciers.
Now, when Milankovitch first proposed this theory in the 1920s, many of his colleagues were skeptical. Milankovitch didn't have any proof. Actually there wouldn't be any evidence to support his hypothesis until the 1970s, when oceanographers were able to drill deep into the seafloor and collect samples, samples which were then analyzed by geologists. And from these samples they were able to put together a history of ocean temperatures going back hundreds of thousands of years, and this showed that earth's climate had changed pretty much the way Milankovitch's hypothesis suggested it would. So this evidence was pretty strong support for the Milankovitch Hypothesis. And by the 1980s, most people accepted this theory.
However, in the late 1980s, some scientists were exploring Devil's Hole, which is basically an extensive water-filled cave, far from the ocean, in Nevada2，in the western United States. Over millions of years, groundwater left deposits of a mineral called calcite，on the rock within Devil's Hole. And by studying these clacite deposits, we can determine the climate conditions, the temperatures over the last half million years. Well, the Devil's Hole findings contradicted the ones obtained during the 1970s, so basically the question was, were the ages of one or both the samples were wrong, or were scientists misunderstanding the significance of the evidence.
Well, in the 1990s, a new study was done on the two samples. And the ocean floor samples were found to be correct, as were the samples from Devil's Hole. And now it is generally believed that the sample from Devil's Hole correspond to variations in local climate, in the western United States, rather than global climate changes.
TPO 17 Conversation 2
Narrator
Listen to a conversation between a student and a food service manager.
Student
Excuse me, Mrs. Hanson. My name is John, John Grant. I work as a waiter in the campus dining hall, in the faculty dining room.
Manager
What can I do for you, John?
Student
Well, I work week nights, except for Friday. I was wondering if I could switch from working the dinner service to working at lunch.
Manager
That’s going to be a problem. I am afraid we don’t have any openings at lunch time. A lot of students want to work then, so it is really rare for us to have an open spot at that time of day.
Student
Oh, you see, I have joined this group, the University Jazz Band, and the band’s practice time is right around dinner time. You know, it is so hard to get into this group, I must have auditioned like ten times since I have been at the school, so I am ... Anyway, so I was really hoping to have the dinner hour free so I can go to practice.
Manager
Well, we do have other open times, like breakfast.
Student
Eh, that won’t work, I am sorry. I mean that, I can’t work that early. I have this very important music class I got to take, and it is like, first thing in the morning.
Manager
Well, if you don’t mind working in the kitchen, we’ve got some pretty flexible hours for students doing food-prep work, anything from early morning to late afternoon.
Student
What’s prep work?
Manager
You prepare food for the cooks. You know, like cutting up vegetables for soup, or cleaning greens for salads.
Student
Oh, that doesn’t sound, I mean... Being a waiter, I get to see a lot of the professors, like in a different light, we joke around a little you know. In the classroom, they always have to be pretty formal, but ...
Manager
Well, the money is no different since we pay students the same amount for any of the jobs here in food service, so it’s up to you.
Student
Oh, man. I always thought that sacrificing for my art, that’d mean working long hours as a musician for, like, no money. I didn’t think it’d mean, peeling carrots.
Manager
Let me see, I am offering you something that has the hours you want, it is right here on campus, and you make as much money as you did being a waiter, quite a sacrifice.
Student
I am sorry, I know you are just trying to help. I guess I should look into the food-prep job.
Manager
Ok, then, I’ll tell the kitchen manager that you will stop by tomorrow to talk about the job and schedule your hours. And I will let the dining hall manager know that he needs to find a new waiter for the evening.
Student
Oh, ok, I guess that’ s it. Thanks, Mrs. Hanson.
