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In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion, the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… Further more, he also assumes that … . At first glance, the author‘s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons.
In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that ….The author unfairly assumes that…. However, the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to support this argument. The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the result that ………… It is likely that , …………………; it is also likely that ………………………… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show that ……………………… (72) Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after this and therefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact that… be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as…, or … may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that …… . Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to …, this assumption in question can not be accepted.
In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless the arguer can show that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects, and the author assumes without justification that all things are equal, and that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Lacking this assumption, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded. In fact, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A. Differences between A and B clearly out weight the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, A……, however, B…… Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do……
