四、 -ING结构作介词的宾语
几乎所有介词，不管是单个介词还是介词词组，不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否，都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以，-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语，主要有以下搭配关系
1. 动词+介词+ -ING来源北京安通学校
12) Scientists measure the hardness [A] of a material [B] by comparatively [C] with a table of ten well-known [D] metals.
13) Her mother did not [A] approve of her to go [B] to the party without dressing [C] formally [D] .
14) Although many women's colleges [A] have been coeducational [B] ， other universities remain committed to keep [C] their facilities separate [D] .
15) We insist on you leave [A] the place before [B] any further [C] disturbances take place [D] .
2. 名词(形容词，不及物动词)+介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的“to”为介词：(be) contrary to (与…相反)，object(objection)to (反对)， with a view to (为…起见)，(be) opposed to (反对)， in contrast to (与…成对比)，be used to (习惯于)， be exposed to， be dedicated to (致力于)，resort to (诉诸于)， as to (关于)， be accustomed to (习惯于)， be devoted to (献身于)， be committed to (委身于)， react to (对…反应)， with regard to (关于)， look forward to (期待)， contribute to (贡献)，owe to由于，归功于等
16) I have no objection the evening with them.
[A] to spend [B] to spending [C] to have spent [D] to have to spend
17) Why do you object to the direction?
[A] following [B] follow [C] have follow [D] have been followed
18) Mr. Brown often wore [A] a heavy coat [B] because he was not used to live [C] in such a [D] cold climate.
19) Livy was the [A] only great historian of the time [B] ， and he devoted his attention to give [C] the world splendid [D] pictures.
五、 -ING结构作宾语补足语
1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 hear， feel， find， give， listen to， look at， notice， observe， see， smell， watch等词的宾语可以用-ING作宾语补语
21) “Where are the children?” “I saw in the yard.”
[A] them to play [B] them played [C] them playing [D] to them playing
22) I must say I don't like to hear you like that.
[A] talking[B] to talk[C] have to talk[D] talked
2. 表示“致使”等意义的动词，如 catch， have， get， keep， leave， set
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me so long来源北京安通学校.
What you have told left me thinking that you experienced much when you were young.
3. 其他动词宾语的补语
23) The average age [A] of the Mediterranean [B] olive trees grow [C] today is two hundred years [D] .
六、 -ING结构作状语
-ING结构作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意-ING与其逻辑主语在时态、意义上的统一
1. 表示时间和伴随 一般放在句首，有时可放在句中
Coming into the room， I found him sobbing. (=When I came into the room， I found him sobbing.) 在这里coming这一-ING分词动作发生时，紧接着(几乎是同时)发生了谓语动作，有“一……就”的意思。
Pulling his body in the car， he drove away.(=After he pulled his body in the car， he drove away.)
24) Those naughty boys were caught flowers in the garden again.
[A]to steal[B]stealing[C] having stolen[D]stolen
25) Daniel walked up and down [A] as he listened， hands behind [B] his back， now and then [C] asked [D] a question.
3. 动词+副词+介词+ -ING
I look forward to her coming soon.
4. 形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)+介词+ -ING
I am proud of having such a son.
He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.
It's impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.
He is interested in playing table tennis.
5. 表示征询意见的 “How about…?”， “What…about?”
How about going there?
What about having a concert?
20) How about to the movies tonight来源北京安通学校?
[A] going[B] if go[C] to go[D] if we go
6. 前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法
The two children are busy doing their homework.
Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.
There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam.
He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate.
Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.
There is no point arguing with him.2. 表示方式
Being a clever girl， she was sent to college by her father.(此例不可改成：Being a clever girl， her father sent her to college.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是“her father ”， 而只能是“she ”。)
如果-ING分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，-ING分词前可以加when，while等连词，可放在句首或句末：When arriving home， he found the door opened. / He listened to the music radio while reading.
26) ，Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man.
[A] Good swimer as he is [B] He can swim very well
[C] Being that he was a good swimmer [D] Being a good swimmer
27) the kind of man he was， he did not pay much attention to it at first.
[A] To be[B] Being[C] Having been[D] Though to be
28) Was a dancer [A] and blues singer before [B] the age of eight [C] ，Florence Mills made her [D] vaudeville debut(轻歌舞首演) in 1910.
3. 表示原因
Not having had any letter from Tom， Marry was worried.(=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.)
Having got a headache， I didn't come to the concert. (=Because I got a headache， I didn't come to the concert.)
29) Most of the people， ， could not go to sleep that night after the party.
being so excited来源北京安通学校
[A] being so excited [B] be so excited [C] being so exciting [D] be so exciting
30) Having the highest marks in his class，来源北京安通学校 .
[A] the college offered him a scholarship [B] he was offered a scholarship by the college
[C] a scholarship was offered him by the college [D] a college scholarship was offered to him
4. 表示条件：一般放在句首
Knowing anything about it， I will tell you all. (=If I know anything about it， I will tell you all.)
Working diligently， you will pass the entrance exam. (=If you work diligently， you will pass the entrance exam.)
5. 表示让步：表示让步的-ING分词常常由although/though， even if/though， unless等连词引入，一般放在句首
Having great diffculties in the course of working， they finished the task ahead of time.
Buying a lot of reference books for the exam， he failed in it because of the learning method.
Although repeating his words many times， the teacher could not make his students understand the concret concept of philosophy.
Even if coming by taxi， I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.
6. 表示结果：置于句末，前面要加so， thereby， thus， hence等表示结果的副词
He worked day and night， making himself near sighted来源北京安通学校.
Not making what he meant misunderstood， he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.
The workers worked 14 hours a day， thus producing products three times as they did last month.
He wished to travel all over the world， thereby studying customs of other countries.
31) The bus was held up by the traffic jam， .
[A] thus causing the delay[B] so that caused the delay
[C] to cause the delay[D] caused the delay
七、-ING分词作定语
-ING分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开)，在意义上相当于一个定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)
32) Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant social themes.
[A] expressed [B] expressing [C] express [D] expression of
33) The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”， flat water.
[A] to mean [B] meaning [C] it means [D] by meanig来源北京安通学校
34) The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant， less than one hundred tons annually.
[A] amounting to [B] in the amount [C] amounts to it [D] to the amount of
八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式
1. 如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作，(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ING的一般形式
35) Revolution means the productive forces.
[A] to liberate [B] to have liberated [C] liberating [D] having been liberated
36) It is a simple matter [A] to have found [B] the density of a gas [C] from its formula [D] .
2. 但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分词”表示完成时
37) by the journey， he went to bed immediately after he came back home.
[A] Being exhausted [B] To have exhausted [C] Having exhausted [D] Having been exhausted
38) with an accedent， he arrived at the station ten minutes late.
[A] Having met [B] To have met [C] Meeting [D] Having been met
3. 当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分词和完成形式”(not)having been +-ED分词“
39) Solids， liquids， and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.
[A] setting[B] to set[C] being set[D] to be set
40) Upon questioning [A] he denied having killed [B] the old woman with [C] the home-made [D] gun.
4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边来源北京安通学校
41) of the change in the meeting time， Mike arrived late.
[A] Not having notified[B] Not notifying[C] Not to notify[D] Not having been notified
42) I regret hard at school.
[A] not to have worked[B] not having worked[C] not have worked[D] having not worked
