14.post-industrial adj. 后工业化的
post- 是一个前缀，表示“后”：如：
post-war policies 战后政策
postdoctoral 博士后的
postgraduate courses 研究生课程
post-harvest storage 收后贮藏
postimpressionism 后印象主义
15.earner n. 赚钱者;获得收入者
earnings n. 挣得的财物;收入，利润
earn v. 挣得，获得
How many earners are there in your family? (你们家几个人挣钱?)
Father is not the only earner in the family. (父亲不是家里唯一挣钱的人。)
What are you going to do with your earnings? (挣来的钱你打算干什么用?)
He earns 40 dollars a day. (他每天挣四十美元。)
How did he make his living? (他靠什么谋生?)
His brave act won him the name of a hero. (他的英勇行为使他得到了英雄的名声。)
16.split v. 撕裂;分开;使分裂;分担 n. 分裂，裂口
He is splitting the firewood with an axe. (他正用斧子劈木柴。)
They split the cost of the party between them. (他们两人分担了宴会的费用。)
They split up after years of marriage. (他们俩结婚多年之后分开了。)
She split with her boyfriend last week. (上个星期她与她的男友绝交了。)
Mother mended a split in my trousers. (妈妈缝好了我裤子上的一条裂缝。)
split-hair 极其精确的;过分琐细的
split second 一刹那
split-level 错层式的
split personality 分裂人格
17.divorce v. 离婚;与…离婚 n. 离婚
The child's parents divorced last month. (这孩子父母上个月离了婚。)
He divorced his wife. (他同妻子离了婚。)
I don't think it is possible to divorce sports from politics. (我认为把体育与政治分离开来是不可能的。)
本课主要构词法
affixation (词缀法)
1.名词后缀 -ion definition
2.名词后缀 -age marriage
3.名词后缀 -ity security
4.形容词后缀 -al agricultural，industrial，traditional，social
5.动词后缀 -ize industrialize
本课简介
在Families这篇课文中，作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义，但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析，从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。
本课语言点
1.…a group of people related by blood or marriage， …
句子中的by常可与某些名词连用，在名词前面不加定冠词the，意思相当于“with regard to”，“according to”。请看下面的例句：
1) He is an Englishman by birth. (他祖籍英国。)
2) He is a teacher by profession. (他以医生为职业。)
3)By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people.
(按其出生和所受的教育，托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了最高阶层，但他从来不轻视劳动人民。)
relate是一个动词，在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句：
1)It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. (人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。)
2)It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.(如果你能把理论和实践联系起来，对你的帮助也许会更大。)
relate还可解释为叙述;有关，涉及;相处得好
1) He related us a story vividly. (他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。)
2) His talk related to the international situation. (他的讲话涉及国际形势。)
3)He relates very well to his classmates. (他和同学们相处得很好。)
related可以做形容词用，意思是“有联系的，相关的。”
1) These four people are closely related to each other. (这四个人联系紧密。)
2) He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. (他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。)
2.…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有来自同一祖先的人们。
“descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下，遗传”，如：
1) His family were descended from an Indian tribe. (他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。)
2) Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. (达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。)
descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低;转而说到”
1) The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. (那家公司堕落到用裸照做广告。)
2)Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.(李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。)
common是一个形容词，意思是“共有的，共同的;普通的”，请看例句：
1)No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. (毫无疑问，这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。)
2)How could you have no idea about this common knowledge? (对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。)
3)They have no common interests. (他们没有共同的爱好。)
3.Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …
think of …as …是一个很常用的词组，意思是“把…看作…”，如：
1) He often thinks of himself as a genius. (他常把自己看作为天才。)
2) The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. (黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。)
与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如：
regard…as look upon…as…
see…as… view…as…
consider…as…
4.For others， having a family simply means having children.
本句中，having a family做主语，mean为谓语动词，having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时，在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词，如：
1)Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. (接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。)
2)A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. (增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。)
当mean作“意欲，打算”解释时，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如：
1)I didn't mean to offend you. (我无意冒犯你。)
2)I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. (我原打算昨天把书给你的，但我忘了。)
5.Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.
请注意while的用法，在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. (弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱，而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。)
while在不同的语境中有不同的意思，请翻译下面的句子，注意while的词义。
1)They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.(在巴黎期间，他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。)
2)He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. (在跟她交谈时，他看了几次表。)
3)One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. (一组孩子很安静，而第二组孩子非常活跃。)
4)While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. (尽管我同情这些人，但我觉得他们有罪。)
5)We will succeed while we don't lose hope. (只要我们不失去希望，我们就会成功。)
6.No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.
no matter if 连接让步状语从句，更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句：
1) No matter what happens， please let me know. (无论发生什么事，请让我知道。)
2) No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. (无论谁来电话，告诉他我出去了。)
3)No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. (无论我多努力，我总不能成功。)
4) No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. (无论你信不信，那总是事实。)
5) No matter where you go， I will follow you. (无论你去哪里，我都跟着你。)
6) No matter which book you like you can have it. (无论你喜欢哪本书，你都可以拿去。)
7) No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. (无论是谁的钱，我们都不能这样随意地花)
