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备考指导—成人学位英语词汇易混淆的125个词(2)

2008-11-10 
 Produce生产,制造,着重产品的数量。如:The chemical works produced 5,000 tons of chemical fertilizer last year.(这家化工厂去年生产了5000吨化肥。)
 51. childish, childlike

  childish幼稚的。如:It was very childish of him to lose his temper over something so unimportant.

  childlike孩子般天真的。如:When she won the gold medal, there was childlike smile on her face.

  52. choose, pick, select, elect

  choose是一常用词,表一般的“选择”。

  pick通常用于不需要认真权衡,对比就能做出决定。

  select侧重“在同类的许多东西中,进行有斟酌的精选”。

  elect指选举或用其他方法推选人。

  53. cloth, clothing

  cloth布。如:I need three yards of cloth to make a suit.

  clothing衣服(总称)。如:You’d better give all the old clothing away.

  54. complex, complicated

  均可表“复杂”。

  complex为常用词。

  complicated为正式用词,表由于组成部分太多,相互关系太复杂而不能理解,语气很强。

  55. compose, consist, constitute

  compose为常用词,常用被动语态,如用主动语态,主语应用复数形式。如:Twelve men compose a jury.(十二人组成陪审团。)

  consist表一个整体由几个部分组成(只能用主动语态)。如:The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Island.(联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组  成。)

  constitute为正式用词,与consist相反,表由哪些部分构成整体。如:Twelve months constitute a year.(一年有十二个月。)

  56. considerable, considerate

  considerable相当多的,可观的。如:He met a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了许多麻烦。)

  considerate 考虑周到的,体谅的。如:It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真体贴人,不打扰我们。)

  57. consistent, constant, continual, continuous

  consistent一致的,符合的。如:His action is always consistent with his words.

  constant不断的,表示持续和惯常的重现,往往没有变化。如:He attributes his health to his constant exercise.

  continual频频的,不停的,时断时续,中间可有间歇。如:Continual smoking is bad for health.

  continuous不断延伸的,连续不断的,强调中间无间断。如:Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.

  58. crack, crash

  crack(使)破裂,砸开。如:I can crack it, but I can’t break it. (我能把它弄裂,但不能把它弄破。)

  crash摔坏,坠毁。如:The plane crashed shortly after the take-off.(飞机起飞不久就坠毁了。)

  59. crawl, creep

  crawl多指蛇,虫类等身体沿地面或其他表面的动作。如:There is an insect crawling up your back. (有一虫子正在你的背上往上爬。)

  creep多指哺乳动物或人等用四肢爬行的动物偷偷摸摸无声缓慢的前行动作。如:They arrived late and crept into the classroom.(我们迟到了,便悄悄地溜进教室。)

  60. cure, treat

  cure治愈,医治。如:The medicine will cure of your disease.(这药能治好你的病。)

  cure表示治好,treat只表示“给……治病”。

  61. current, present

  均可表“现在”,“目前”。

  current强调在现阶段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如:current English (当代英语)

  present为常用词,指现在正在通用的,在时间上比current的范围更窄。如:What’s your present address?(你现住址是哪里?)

  62. custom, habit

  均可表习惯。

  custom为正式用词,多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。

  habit为常用词,多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如:He has the bad habit of biting his nails.(他有咬手指的坏习惯。)

  63. damage, destroy, harm, ruin

  均可表“破坏”,“损坏”。

  damage一般指部分性的破坏,含可修复使用。

  destroy指十分彻底的毁坏,破坏。如:The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.(地震中整个城市被毁了。)

  harm多指带来悲痛,产生恶果的伤害,可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如:Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)

  ruin为正式用词,强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏,用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声,期望等。如:She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上,把它毁了。)另外,ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。

  64. decrease, reduce

  decrease多表示逐渐缩小。如:The swelling decreased daily.(肿胀日渐消退。)

  reduce为常用词,使用范围较大,可指尺寸,数量,规模和程度等,也可指地位,经济状况。如:He won’t reduce the rent of the house.(他不愿降低房租。)

  65. dependent, independent

  dependent依赖的,依靠的(on, upon)。如:Success is dependent on your hard work.

  Independent 不依靠的,独立的(of)。如:John was independent of his parents when he was still a child.

  66. desert, dessert

  desert沙漠。如:Have you ever been to a desert?

  Dessert甜食。如:What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream?

  67. discover, invent

  discover发现。如:A coal mine has been discovered in that area.

  invent发明,创造。如:A kind of toothbrush has been invented to relieve toothache.

  68. duty, responsibility

  均有“责任”之意,可换用。

  duty意义较广,多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。

  responsibility着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。如:I took full responsibility for breaking the vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。)

  69. effective, efficient

  均可表示“有效的”。

  effective常用以指物,强调能产生某种预期的效果。如:effective medicine, effective method等。

  efficient“效率高的”,“有能力的”,用以指人或物,着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预期效果。如:The German telephone system is highly efficient. (德国的电话系统效率很高。)

  70. economic, economical

  economic经济(学)的。如:the economic doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉图的经济学说)

  economical节约的,节俭的。如:He is economical of money and time.

  71. electric, electrical, electronic

  三词都与电有关

  electric着重于发电的,电动的或导电的。如:electric generator(发电机);electric light(电灯)

  electrical多指本身不产生电,但是与电有关的。如:electrical engineering(电机工程);an electrical transcription(广播唱片)

  electronic 电子的,电子操作的。如:electronic engineering(电子工程学)

  72. emergence, emergency

  emergence是emerge的名词形式。

  Emergency意为“紧急情况”,“突然事件”。

  73. everyday, every day

  everyday每日的,日常的(作定语)。如:This morning exercise has become my everyday routine.

  every day每天(作状语)。如:She gets up early every day.

  74. endure, bear, stand, tolerate, withstand

  都表忍受,忍耐。

  bear忍受,容忍,指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如:It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)

  endure忍耐,书面语,指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如:It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)

  stand忍受,与bear同义,但较口语化。如:She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干,她受不了。)

  tolerate容忍,容许,指自我克制的态度,对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如:I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话,我决不会容忍他。)

  withstand经受,承受,指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如:They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)

  75. error, mistake, fault, shortcoming

  均表“缺点”,“错误”。

  error是通用词,指任何错误,“犯错误”可以说commit /make an error。

  mistake指判断或理解方面,或指因考虑不周而造成的错误,搭配是make a mistake。

  fault表示“过失”,可与error通用,现多用来指缺点,特指缺乏某要素因而不完美。如:There is a fault in this machine.(这台机器有一处毛病。)构成短语 find fault with挑剔,找毛病。

  shortcoming 缺点,可指人或事物的本质上不足之处(常用复数)。如:In spite of his shortcomings, I still like him.(尽管他缺点多,我仍然喜欢他。)

  76. especially, particularly, specially

  均可表“特别地”。

  especially一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如:I love Italy, especially in summer.(我喜欢意大利,尤其在夏天。)

  particularly往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如:The visitors admired his paintings, but particularly the portrait of his daughter.(来访者赞赏他所有的绘画,特别是他女儿的画像。)

  specially 多表示“专门地”,“为特别目的的地”,如表“不寻常”,“过分”等,可与especially通用。如:I made chocolate cake specially for you.(我特地为你做了巧克力蛋糕。)

  77. exchange, replace, substitute

  均含有“换”之意。

  exchange指“互相交换”。

  replace的含义为“替换”,“取代”。如:George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)

  substitute则表示“用……代替”。如:We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)

  78. fall, descend

  都可表向下运动。

  fall指由于重力突然从高处落下或因为失去平衡而跌倒。如:She slipped and fell down.(她滑了一下摔倒了。)

  descend多指沿着斜面而缓慢向下移动。如:He descended the hill.(他下山了。)

  79. fame, honor, reputation

  都可表名声。

  fame是常用词,一般指好的名声。如:He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)

  honor荣誉,尊敬,指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如:This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)

  reputation名誉,指公众对某人的看法,可好可坏。如:He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)

  80. fell, fall

  fell砍伐(树木)。如:They are felling the trees.(他们在砍树。)

  fell也可作fall的过去式;fell作“砍伐”时,它的过去式,过去分词分别为felled, felled.

  81. formally, formerly

  formally正式地。如:We were required to dress formally for the party.

  formerly从前。如:Formerly he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.

  82. frank, honest, sincere

  都与坦率有关。

  frank直率的,坦白的,着重表达自己的情感和想法时没有保留。如:To be frank with you, I do not know the answer myself.(老实说,我自己也不知道答案。)

  honest诚实的,正直的,指遵守正直等道德准则。如:We want your honest opinion, not empty compliments.(我们需要你的诚心恳的意见,而不是空洞的恭维。)

  Sincere诚挚的,诚恳的,强调出自内心的真心实意。如:Please accept this as a token of my sincere gratitude.(请接受这份表示我真诚感谢的礼物。)

  83. gaze, stare, glance, glimpse

  都与“看”有关。

  gaze“凝视”,强调由于惊奇、兴趣,目不转睛地注视。

  Stare强调由于好奇、害怕或无意地睁大眼睛盯着看看。

  glare“怒视”,是凶狠地含有威胁地盯着看。

  glimpse“一瞥”,是短暂而急促地看,含有意地匆匆地看一眼,现多用作名词。

  [注意]一般表示“看”的单词大多同at搭配构成短,但glimpse却有catch (have) a glimpse of这一搭配。

  84. genius, gift, talent

  都有天才之意。

  genius天才,是这三词中程度最高的词。如:Shakespeare was a man of great genius.

  gift天赋,比“天才”的意义要弱一点,可用复数。如:He is a man of many gifts.(他多才多艺。)

  talent才能,一般不用复数,指通过学习和勤奋掌握的本领、技术和其他的活动能力。如:As a novelist, he shows great talent in characterization.(作为小说家,他在描写人物方面显出很大的才能。)

  85. get, achieve, acquire, attain, gain, obtain

  均可表“获得”。

  get用得最广,可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如:Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料?)

  achieve多指克服困难后取得胜利,成功,强调“得到”这一结果。如:He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)

  acquire指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如:acquire knowledge(获得知识)。

  attain为正式用词,多用于庄重场合,主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如:The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)

  gain多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如:They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)

  obtain多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如:Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)

  86. grasp, seize, snatch

  都有“抓”的意思。

  grasp为常用词,是用适度的力量抓牢。

  seize是突然用力抓住。

  snatch“攫取”,指出其不意地,突然一把抓住并拿向自己。

  87. hanged, hung

  hang, hanged, hanged吊死。如:He hanged himself when he failed.

  Hang, hung, hung悬挂。如:His pictures were hung in the museum.

  88. haste, hurry, speed

  都与速度有关。

  haste急速,急忙,多指人的动作迅速和匆忙。如:I felt no haste to depart.(我不急着走。)

  hurry急忙,匆忙,常表示混乱,焦急和忙乱的意思。如:I forgot to pay my bill in my hurry.

  Speed迅速,快,不暗示忙乱或焦急。如:More haste, less speed.(欲速则不达。)

  89. hard, hardly

  hard努力地。如:Take it easy. You’ve been working too hard.

  hardly几乎不,简直不。如:The children can hardly wait to hear the news.

  90. home, house

  home家。如:East or west, home is best.

  House房子,住宅。如:Our new house is quite near the station.

  91. equal, equivalent, identical, same

  皆含相同,相等之意。

  equal相同的,相等的,特指“数量,价值等”相同。如:Their ages are equal.

  equivalent相等的,特指“价值,效力,意义”等相同的。如:This sentence is equivalent to that.

  identical相同的,相等的,侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如:She wore the identical dress on both occasions.

  identical相同的,相等的,侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如:She wore the identical dress on both occasion.(她在两种场合穿同样的衣服。)

  same相同的,表示在质量、类型、外表或意义上相同,而实际上有差异。如:He is of about the same age as you.

  92. imaginable, imaginary, imaginative

  都是与想象有关的形容词。

  imaginable可以想象得到的。如:This is the only solution imaginable.(这是惟一想得出的解决办法。)

  imaginary假想的,虚构的。如:an imaginary character in a story(故事里的虚构人物)

  imaginative富于想象力力的。如:an imaginative artist(想像力丰定的艺术家)

  93. indifferent, different

  indifferent冷漠的,不关心的,同to搭配。如:He was indifferent to his personal appearance.(他从前不注意自己的外表。)

  different跟……不一样,同from搭配。如:This book is different from that one.(这本书跟那本不一样。)

  94. industrial, industrious

  industrial工业的,产业的。如:Italy is becoming an industrial nation.(意大利逐步成为工业国。)

  industrious勤劳的,勤奋的。如:He is an industrious student.(他是个用功的学生。)

  95. influence, effect

  都有“影响”之意。

  influence可作动词、名词,指对某人的思想行为、性格等产生影响。如:She was influenced by her middle school teachers.(她受中学时的老师影响。)

  effect用作动词意为“造成”,“产生”,用作名词强调由于影响而产生特殊效果。如:The effects of the medicine are very good.(药效很好。)

  96. intention, idea, purpose

  intention主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法,常见的搭配是have the intention of doing something.

  Idea指“意见”,“见解”。

  Purpose意为“目的”,着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如:For what purpose do you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么?)

  97. last, latest, final, ultimate

  last最后的,与first相对,还可指“上一次的”。如:My seat is in the last row.

  latest最近的,指时间上。如:the latest news(最新消息)

  final最后的,指在一系列的事物中是最后的,而且是结论性的,决定性的。如:The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)

  ultimate 最终的,最后的,用于正式场合,含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如:He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)

  98. lay, lie

  lay放,搁。如:Lay the book on the desk.(把书放在桌上。)

  lie(躺)的过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain; lie(说谎)的过去式和过去分词为lied, lied; lay作动词时的过去式和过去分词是laid, laid。

  99. literal, literary, literate

  literal文字上的,字面的。如:a literal interpretation of a passage(对一段文章的字面解释)

  literary文学的。如:literary works(文学作品)

  literary有文化的(反义词是illiterate),如:people applying for the job should be computer literate.(申请这份工作的人应会使用电脑。)

  100.manufacture, make, produce

  manufacture制造,加工,较正式,通常表示把原料经过一定程度制成产品,多指使用机器大批生产。如:This textile factory manufactures cloth of good quality.(这家纺织厂生产优质布料。)

  make做,制造,最常用词,使用较广泛。如:She can make cakes.

  Produce生产,制造,着重产品的数量。如:The chemical works produced 5,000 tons of chemical fertilizer last year.(这家化工厂去年生产了5000吨化肥。)

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