第一天 6.17
两篇作文：
一、analysis of an issue (perspective 观点) 分析要 evidence reasoning ,
objective
二、二者择其一
take a position and supported 立论，确定立场并支持
analysis of an argument => critique your argument 批判、批驳
要求：
1.articulately express your idea clearly and complicatedly
2.examine claims and company evidence
3.support idea with relevant examples
4.sustain a well focus coherent discussions
5.control the element of standard of english
题库：共249题
安排： 1-3讲 argument
4-6讲 issue
侧重 analytical thinking, 语言次之
4分够用，5分有竞争优势
[argument]
----策略：
1. 掌握分析技巧
2. 掌握开头和结尾的module
3. 准备每道题的提纲 （chance favors only the prepared minds）
4. 学用一些闪光句型
5. 熟读argument 题目
----审题：
论述包括： 论点claim （信号词： therefore,so,thus,consequently）
支持support ---- evidence: examples,facts,statistics,authorities
-----reasons: assumptions, values,beliefs
----验证逻辑 critique logic
survey ----quantity , quality(random) 包括 1.分组group 分为几个sub group
2.pecentage of each sub
3.select sample 取样
procedure 有没有sample 或人被排除在外
how large was the sample ?
are the statistics complete ?
different: do the statistics make a difference ? 数据重要么？
闪光句型：
1. the assumption that … is open to doubt/ unreliable /unfounded / groundless
/ unwarranted
2. the arguer commits a fallacy of …
3. the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between a and b
4. the result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong
support to the arguer’s assumption.
5. the arguer fails to convince us that … contribute to / lead to / result in …
6. the comparison between a and b is incomplete
7. it is possible / likely that …
第二天 6.19
一、写作步骤：
1. skim the question and write the introduction
2. input the topic sentence. 找出问题所在，一个问题一句话
3. develop the body paragraphs one by one. 逐一展开问题段落，按重要性递
减的规律展开
4. conclusion（略）
5. checking
二、开头段的写作：
找出原论证的结论或主张，指出原论证的论据和假设，指出原论证的逻辑错误。
忠实的保留原始信息。 用自己的词保留原始信息。
in this argument / analysis, the arguer concludes / claims that…..to
support / justify the conclusion , the arguer points out / provides the evidence
that …and that… in addition , the arguer reasons (推理) that ….. this
argument suffers from several critical fallacies / flaws.
三、survey 问题：
1. vague => misleading (majority, percent, base number, few, many)
2. question: what questions will ask in the survey?
loaded questions 有误导性的问题
3. who
4. average 平均数不适合于每个成员
5. confusing causal relationship with correlation 混淆因果关系与相关性
every causal relationship implies a correlation, but the statistical correlation
does not necessarily implies a causal relation.
6. when was the survey conducted?
7. are respondents (授调查者) being forthright (直率，说真话) ?
image men / essence men
闪光句型:
1. the arguer over simplifies the issue of…
2. the arguer unfairly assumes that…
3. the arguer fails take into account other factors that …
4. the procedure of the survey might be problematic.
第三天 6.21
正文写作
一、 段数量：2~4段之间，一段含4~8个句子
二、 topic sentence 内参4页
三、 过渡句，承上启下
.. first… second…. third….
.. in the first place… in the second place… last but not least…
.. the major problem with this argument is that…
another problem that weakens/ undermines (削弱) the logic of this
argument is that…
before i come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another
flaw (several other flaws) that undermines the argument.
四、 攻击的方法：
例证法： for example / instance
假设法： if, even if , given that (考虑到) ，granted that (姑且承认)
only when (只有当) ，unless , in this / that case , even so
unless the arguer provides substantial evidence regarding /
concerning / as to …, the assumption that … is unfounded /
problematic / unconvincing …
推测法： it is possible that … , it is equally possible that … , another
possibility is that … , it is also likely that …
possibly , perhaps
五、 运用闪光句型增加文采： p 88
六、 数据的问题：
1. begging the question 把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立
circular reasoning 循环论证 p35 2 , p44 37, p53 73
2. fallacy of missing evidence
hasty generalization 急于概括
neglect a relevant evidence 忽略相关证据
p51 66 , p48 56
3. false analogy 只看到表层差异，而忽略深层差异
p63 112 , p42 29
4. false dilemma / either or fallacy 非此即彼的错误
p59 96 , p43 34
5. non sequitor => non causal relationship
p50 62 , p52 70
闪光句型:
in the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us to evaluate …
that…
however, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding …
it is very likely that …
第四天 6.24
6. post hoc , ergo prepter hoc = after this , therefore BECause of this
p46 47 , p55 81
7. concurrence p36 5 , p50 61
8. incomplete comparison or selective comparison p54 78
9. composition and division
composition: 把个体特征不恰当的移植到整体上
division: 把群体特征简单的移植到个体上
p48 55
最后段的写作：
两项任务：
1. 指出原论者未能有效的支持自己的结论
2. 指出原论者可以从正文分析的几个方面加强原论证。
针对正文几个topic sentence 作者应在这几个方面加强
module: p75-p79
issue (是非问题)
strategy: p67
选题：
构思：brainstorm
开头：陈述问题背景，指出自己论点
正文：2~3 段，分别支持自己立场
1. 每段要有一个主题
2. 展开论述
3. 复杂性，让步，修正
4. 使用信号词
结尾：
语言问题： check p68
brainstorm 快速构思
1. 从大脑里调出尽可能多的相关信息
2. 充分relax
3. 快速记忆
issue的典型立场
agree p104 3
disagree p108 47
闪光句型:----结论
1. to sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility cause the evidence cited in the
analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. to
strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence
concerning …
2. moreover, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out all the
above-mentioned possibilities before we can better evaluate the argument.
3. as it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. to make it logically
acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that …
4. additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible
causes …
5. to conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. before we accept
the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts to demonstrate that …
6. to solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence
concerning …
7. in summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and
misleading. to make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have
to prove that …
8. moreover, i would suspend (推迟) my judgment about the credibility of the
recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that …
第五天 6.28
一、issue的典型立场
1. agree p104 3
2. disagree p108 47
3. agree with concession p105 16
4. disagree with concession p107 34
5. refuse to take sides 拒绝站在任何一边 case by case attitude p111 73
二、典型结构 typical organizations
1. i. introducion p293
ii. support1
iii. support2
iv. support3
v. conclusion
句型: in the first place / to begin with
in the second place / in addition
last but not least / moreover / furthermore / what’s more
2. i. support1 正 p217
ii. support2 正
iii. concession 反
句型： in the first place …
in the second place …
admittedly / however , it should be admitted (confessed) that /
however, there is no denying that…
3. i. introducion p283
ii. side a
iii. side b
iv. conclusion
4. 反驳式： 逐一反驳对方理由
refute 1
refute 2
refute 3
conclusion
i. many people may sincerely believe that… , however, one does
not have to go very far to see that …
ii. some people may also take for granted that (理所当然地认
为) … yet careful examination would review that …
iii. another misconception that many people may hold is that …
but what they feel notice is that …
三、开头的策略：
.. 应能抓住读者的注意力和好奇心
.. 注意开头明确提出主张
1. 描述背景并提出立场 p68
2. 首先陈述相冲突的观点，然后提出自己的主张 p71
3. 先用问句提出问题，然后提出在这个问题上的典型主张（可提可不提），最后
说自己的观点 p72
4. 讲述一段轶文（anecdote）趣事 p70
5. 先提出典型反对派立场，然后简要驳斥，最后提自己主张 p260
6. 先提出自己主张，然后简要陈述自己的基本理由 p255
闪光句型：
according to the title statement, … while i agree that … i insist that …/ it is
natural that…
it is natural that people may disagree over such a controversial issue due to
their different experiences and values. on balance , i an inclined to support
(<-> oppose ) the idea that ..
there is a growing public concern over the issue of … the speaker in the title
statement advocates that …. in the last analysis, i argue that…
四、how to support your claim 正文论证
1. inductive reasoning 逻辑推理 具体 .. 一般
1） facts and examples: p282 p 219
句型：for example / instance, to illustrate , as an illustration. there
is evidence that …
2) statistics : p 98-100
3) authorities or quotations :
句型：
professor / or … , a well-known / influential scholar of …
in china said , “… ”
第六天 7.1
四、how to support your claim 正文论证
4）anecdotes, cases, stories p256
句型： a case in point is … abc serves as a typical example.
5) personal experience p192
6) scenarios 假设
可能发生的事情，可作为一种依据 p70
imagine / suppose that …
7) analogy p269
句型：similarly , likewise , in the same way / manner
2. deductive reasoning 演绎推理 p30 p6 内参
五、结尾段的写作：
1. restate your position p71
句型： p101
2. restate your position and summarize your reasons p285
3. restate your position and extand your argument
建议，号召，展望 p70. 72. 73
句型：in conclusion, i hold that … not only because that …, but also
because …
.. 语言方面技巧：
1. 使用高分词汇
情态动词： could, would, might, can, may, will
程度副词： 肯定 certainly, naturally, obviously, understandably,
undoubtedly, plainly
可能性 possibly, probably, potentially, likely, presumably.
信号词： p155
分析性词汇：
in the case, given that (考虑到…), granted that (姑且承认), actually, as
a matter of fact, admittedly, to some extent, in a sense, in
the last analysis, on balance.
2. 正规语言与非正规 p161
3. 句式的变化 p170
1) 使用不同的句子结构
2) 变换相邻句子的开头结构
4. 复杂句式 p6 内参
.. 备考建议
1. 熟悉每道题及其提纲
充实论据（讨论、看书、工具箱），补充或重写
2. 背诵——工具箱
3. 模拟训练 issue, argument 各写 20 篇
