一般现在时
1、 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等时间状语连用;
2、 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等;
3、 表示客观事实或普遍真理;
4、 表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作;the plane takes off at 10 am .
5、 在时间或条件状语中,表示将来的动作;when you see her just tell her that i am all right .
6、 在某些文学作品的情节描写中,代替过去时,表示或用于引述书刊材料;the author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.
一般过去时
用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in july .
一般将来时
主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况
在时间或条件状语中,一般不用将来时,而是用现在时代替将来时。i‘ll let you know the result when i finish everything.
1、 shall, will 动词原型构成一般将来时;
2、 am (is , are) going to 动词原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情;
3、 am (is , are) about to 动词原型,表示即将发生的动作;
4、 am (is , an) to 动词原型,表示必须或计划要进行的动作 you are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered .
过去将来时
用于表示过去某一时间内,将要发生的动作或存在的状态
was (were) going to 动词原型
was (were) about to 动词原型
was (were) to 动词原型 表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作
现在进行时
go, come , stay , leave, start 的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作
he is coming to see you tomorrow .
hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用进行时态
过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作 he was making a long distance phone call to his friend in australia from 10 to 11 last night .
go, come , stay , leave, start 的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作
将来进行时
将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作,或按计划在未来将要进行的动作
this time next week she will be working in the company .
现在完成时
表示从过去,但持续到现在的动作,或表示过去发生的动作,但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。 he has paid his income tax.
过去完成时
用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作,或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。
he said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier .
将来完成时
用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作
i am sure he will have left tokyo by this time tomorrow .
现在完成进行时
表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作, 这个动作可能刚刚结束,或者可能要继续进行下去。 she has been working in guangzhou since 1985 .
过去完成进行时
表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。 可能刚刚停止,也可能还在继续。 he told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years .
在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中,遵照“主将从现”原则,主句用将来时态,从句用现在时态。
被动语态
助动词be 及物动词的过去分词
含有情态动词:情态动词 be 及物动词的过去分辞
短语动词 :example takes good care >> taken good care
虚拟语气
用来表示非真实的假设,表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望
条件从句 主句
违背现在事实 过去式 should / would / could / might 动词原形
if the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately
违背过去事实 had 过去分词 should / would / could / might have 过去分词
i could have done it better if i had been more careful
违背将来事实 should 动词原形 should / would / could / might 动词原形
were 动词不定式( were to 动词原形)
if it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?
在下列结构的主语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气
it is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that
it is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that
混合虚拟句 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,在时间上不一致,动词形式需要调整
if you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now.
suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟句, 在这些动词后面的宾语从句中,助动词一律是should .
it is ( it was ) important ,其后的主语从句用虚拟语气,助动词用should .
it is important that we ( should ) learn computer .
wish ( that ) 从句,通常表示不可能实现的愿望。 表示现在的动作或状态是,从句中的动词用过去时;表示过去的动作或状态时,从句中的动词用had 过去分词。
但是,从句中动词用would (might ) 动词原形时,表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望
i wish i knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一点合同法(我不知道)
i wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能来 (有可能来)
as if / as thought 引导的状语从句(或表语从句)中,常用虚拟语气。
如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反,谓语动词则应使用过去式;
如果从句表示的意思与过去事实相反,谓语动词则使用 had 过去分词的形式 .
基本句型
主语 谓语动词 the two-man spaceship took off this morning .
主语 谓语动词 宾语 the drilling machine is making a hole .
主语 连系动词 表语 the answer is off the point .
主语 谓语动词 间接宾语 直接宾语
the new approach has saved us a GREat deal of time
主语 谓语动词 宾语 宾语补足语 we like our guests to feel at home .
常用连词
等立连词:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for
常用关联词
主从连词 that , whether , if
连接代词 who , whom , whose , what , where , which
连接副词 when , where , why , how
倒装句
never , scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时)
there be 句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句
here , there , then , thus 等副词放在句首时,谓语动词为come , be , exist , follow 等不及物动词时,句子一般都为全部倒装 here is a book for you . here comes the bus .
句首为 so , nor , neither 等副词时、表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时 ,句子为倒装
richard can speak japanese . so can his sister
在虚拟语气中,非真实条件从句中的连词省略时,句子为倒装。这时,倒装到主语前的助动次 had ,should 和动词were . had i left a little earlier , i would have missed the train
so / nor / neither 系动词/ 助动词 / 情态动词 主语
表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语,用到装。
he doesn‘t like music . nor / neither do i .
在hardly ~~ when 和 no sooner ~~ than 以及 not until 的句型中,由于否定词或否定词组放在句首,主句部分中的主、谓要到装———助动词 主语 动词原形
no sooner had he got well than he left the hospital .
直接引语和间接引语
john said , “ i ‘m going to london with my father .”
john said that he was going to london with his father .
一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句
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